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Precavitiy;z and CHARLES DILLY, in Tus Pont rzr. 


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or renown, conjunctures often ariſe, when the citizen; 


| whole. ſtation does not admit of his giving advice, ought to 


offer his informations. The preſent [1782] ſeemed to be 
ſuch a time. And the Compiler of the following ſheets, 


regard to the national 
an humble tender 


paſt, even amidſt the pleaſures of the preſent. Prompted thus 
by temper, he has in every age complained of its decline and - 
depopulation, while the world was the moſt populous, and its 
affairs the moſt proſperous. Yet, is there reaſon to hope, that 
as found philoſophy triumphs over ill-founded prejudices; 
the people of theſe iflnds will become leſs ſubject to the do 
Pinien of Periodical —— far leſs to the laſting 

ee l e e e with e 
tentiye peraſal, may probably find, that though we have ad- 
vanced, by wide ſteps, during the laſt century, in the ſcience 
of politics, we have ſtill much to learn ; but that the ſummit 
can only be gained, by ſubſtituting accurate reſearch for de- 


luſive ſpeculation, and hy rejeRing neal of paradox, for mo- 


having collected for a greater work various documents with 


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now proper w erplain. 


Dy BIG: INC id are now too enlightened to adwit of confident af. 
Lune place of ſatisfactory proof, ar plaufible-novels = 


2 concluſive evidence. He, conſequently, who propoſes 
5 der modes of argument, muſt expect contradiction, and he 
EB” who draws novel concluſions from uncommon premiſes, ought 
5 =: -<0 enable the reader to examine his reaſonings ; becauſe it ia 

= Joſt inquiry, which can alone eſtabliſh the certainty of truth ' 
dn the degradation of error. And little therefore is aſſerted © 


in the following ſheets, without the citation of ſufficient au- 
chorities, or the mention en e. 


1 W 7 hi 
As early as the reign ef faces} eee ee te 


ene ee through the thick cloud which then en- 


velaped an aoterefting fubjeR, the value of our exports and 
of our imports; and thence, by an eafy deduction, to find, 
whether we were gainers, or loſers, by our traffic. Diligent 


; | Inquieers dooked into the entries at the caſtom-houſe, becauſe | 
they knew, abat a duty of five in the hundred being collected 


on the value of commodities; which were ſent out and brought 
in, it wood require no difficult calculation, to aſeertain nearly 
the amount of both, And, during that reign, it was eftabliſhed 


N as a rule, not only among merchants, but ſtateſmen, to mul. 


tiply the general value of the cuſtoms, inwards and outwards, 


eee in order to find the true amount of the various 


les, which formed the aggregate of our foreign trade. 


| We eee this mode was, it eee | 
ral years of darkneſs, the only light that our anceiors'had to 
ditect their inexperienced "ſteps, notwithſtanding the impa- 
_ Hence of politicians, and even the efforts of miniſters,” It is 
difficult to induce the old to alter the modes of their youth. 
When the committee of the privy couneil ſor trade, urged the 
commiſſioners: of the cuſtoms, about the end of Charles II. “3 


reigu | * go enter the ſeveral commodities, which formed 


the exports and imports, to affix to each its ufual-price, aud 


to form = general total by caleulating the value of the 
whole. abe cuſtam-houfßs officers infiſted, «<< that, to com- 


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tende „And the theoriſts of thoſe times & 
ſatisfy c pods re 
her commercial jealouſy ; ieee 
dence, by which their n proved, or 
declamations confuted. E 

It was to the liberality, no leſs than w the perereran, © 
of the Houſe of Peers, chat · the public were at laft i 
in 1696, for the eſtabliſhment of the Inſpector- General of the | 
Imports and Exports, and for the Cufom-houſe Ledger, which 
contains the particulars and value of both; and which forms, 
therefore, the moſt nlefol roy, with N n, = 
, any country poſſeſſes, bs 

From this ee tho Stent nn 3 
ſupplied with details, either for or deliberation, 
and ſpeculatifty were farniſhed withextraQts for the exerciſe of 
their ingenuity, or the formation of their projet. And itis: 
from this commercial regiſter, that che value of cargoes expart= 
De So 

"But. d eee 1 
tion, what had been demanded for a century, when it way pu -* „ 
garded as unattainable, was ere long derided as "2 
F And theoriſts, who pointed oat. the | 
defects of an eſtabliſhment, that could not be made perfect, 3 
found believers enow, becauſe men's ** is grated, by "= 
ſeeing imperfection in all things. 2 4 4 

_ Againſt objectors, who thus caily found abettors, it was 2 
juſtly remarked, that a record, con taining each ſpecific article  ._ 
of our imports. and exports, with the mercantile valve affixed 


" 
2 


to each, would give us, as it was originally intended, by a 45 


calculation tedious yet certain, the true value of boch, at — 
leaſt with as much exaQneſs as a vaſt detail admits, or public 2, 
utility demands ; that it was noc probably perceived, how — 


Impoſſible it it is to ſet bounds to human vanity, caprice, ae 4 
deceit, but, that as man, when engaged in fimilar purſuits, 3 
3 an, to infer, chat the 

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FA me v 4 eiprice, or deceit, alia in one e age, aca © 
- the Ivy to make exaggerated entries at the cuſtom-houſe 
: _ urged him, „in every period, to ratify his ruling . paſſion, 
Wes he was not carried from his bias by the 1 of a for- 
ſeiture or a tax; ſo that the average of error, during one ſea- . 


fon, would be nearly equal t to the average of error at any * 


5 epoch, ; 
When the committee of Peers originally 01 the price, 


2 whereby each article of export and import ſhould in future be 
rated, they probably knew, that the ſucceſſive flu 1A k 

| demand, arifing from the change of faſhion, wou 
raiſe the value of ſome articles, and fink the price of 5500 
| but, that the fame fluQtuation of taſte, which, in one age, oc 
cafjoned an apparent error, would in the next re- eſtabliſh the 
rule, Nor, did the Peers robably expect to aſcertain thereal - 
value of the exports, or 7 imports, of the current year; as 
the prodigious extent of the calculation did not admit of a 
peedy deduQtion. But, they almed with a laudable ſpirit to 


b eſtabliſh a ſtandard, whereby ajuſt compariſon might be made, 


between any two given periods of the paſt; and thereby to 


mer. Whether dur manufactures and commerce proſpered 5918 


declined, prior to the preſent year, This information the . 
Ledger of the TuſpeAtor- General does certainly convey, with f. un 
cient aCCUrAcy, for the uſes of pradtice, or the ſpecylations of . 
; thesry. "And, by contraſting, in the following work, the ave- 
: 7a | Exports « of diſtant years, we are by this means enabled to 
Trace tho riſe, the decline, or ad of traffic, at (ſecs 
ent periods, even in every reign, OE OI 677 
W is to the ſame age that we owe the etabliſhment of "The 
repifer's reneral of ſhipping. . The original inſtitution of this 
"office arofe from an indefiaite clauſe in the commiſian of the 


| Enftoms, In 17. Thus it continued incidental to the ap- | 


ointment of the Cuſtom-houſe commiſſioners, till“ the a 
"for the union with Scotland requiring the then, ſhips of Scots 
property to be regiſtered i in this office, it was thouglit fit. to 
K 0 and at * NG * to ex 


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neger bt ede of all — 
cdaltways, in, England, to the ſhips in finds rg * 
Tue fame reaſons, which had i induced the traders a 
| at the Caſtom- houſe, 3 in reſpett io their e LES — 
too much, incited them, with regard to their veſſels, to te- 
Ziller the burden rather too low, becauſe, a tonnage- ty. 
they knew, would be often. required of them at many ports: * 
in the firſt operation they were governed by their vanity; 
in the ſecond by their intereſt: and if the one furniſhes in 
evidence too Aattering, the other | gives, a teſtimony too de- 
grading, Thus have we, in the entries of the ſhipping 2 
the Cuſtom-houſe, all the certainty that the entries of mer. 
chandize has been ſuppoſed to want. "And in the followin 
work the quantity of tonnage, | rather than the nuniber. 
ſhips, has been always ſtated, at different periode, with the 
value of cargoes, which they were ſuppoſed to tranſport, 
as being the moſt certain: when io the value of cargoes the 
tonnage is added, in the following pages, the reader is fur. 
niſhed with a ſupplemental proof to the uſeful notices, which | 
"each ſeparately convey. _ | | 2M 
Of the tonnage of veſſels, which will fo 9 oceur in "I 
the ſubſequent ſheets, it muſt be always romembered, _ 
they do not denote ſo many diſtinct be, which perforn 4 e 
ſo many fingle voyages : for, it frequently happens, chat 5 
one veſſel enters and clears at the C uſtom · houſe ſeveral times 5 
in one year, as the colliers of Whitehaven and N. ewcafile; 4 
but, theſe repeated voyages were in this manner always 
made, and will conſtantly continue; ſo chat, being always 1 
included in the annual tonnage, we are equally enabled to - 
form a comparative eſtimate of the advance, or decline, of 1 
dur navigation, at any two given epochs of f the paſt. It is g 5 
to be moreover remembered, that the Britiſh. veſſels enter rt 
the Cuftom-houſe by the regiſtered tons, and not Afr | \ 
meaſured burden of t the ſhip, which is is f ſuppoſed to 0 be | ne- 3 WO 


18. 11 


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rt ARS ber Fe oor $407 NYSE 11 _ © 
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- ey one. third more; w that the Teäder uz FW dery ye 15 
| | " rhroagh the following ſtatements, calculate the tonnäge at” 


| Th. 


merings of the fainteſt dawn i is more invigoratin K 
lage a 


171 6 5 


„T. 4 E 


one-third more, than the regiltered tonnage Ras given it. 
"The office of inſpector- genera] of imports and exports for 


Scotland, was effabliſhed only in 1755, Aud no diligence 


could procure authentic details of the Scots commerce from 
any other ſource of genuine information. The blank, which | 


| appears, „in the preceding period, as to the Scots traffic, "af 
| ficiently demonſtrates, that imperſec evidence, with regard 


to an important ſubject, is preferable to none; as ths wean 


gloom. of total opacity. Connected accounts of 


| of Scotland cannot be given before 1759; becauſe it 1s only 


from this year, that they have been regularly entered at the 


£ Cuſtom- houſe, at leaſt conſtantly kept. In reſpect to theſe, 


the ſame allowance muſt be made for repeated voyager, and 


the ſame augmentation for the real burdey more than — ee 


/ tonnage. 


It is not pretended, that the belors intel 9 


bouſe books convey the certainty of mathematical demon- 
| ration. It is ſufficient, that they contain the beff evidence 


which the nature of the caſe admits, They have aſfuredly the 


_ credibility, which belongs to authentic hiſtory, though not 
the conviction, that is ſometimes derived from the evidence of 


the ſenſes. He who, in ſuch inquiries, aſks. for more con- 


- vincing proofs, ought to be regarded as a perſon, who, in- 


dulging a ſceptical mind, delights to walk through the 
mazes of uncertainty. 

The ſubje& of population is ſo intimately connected with 
every eſtimate of the ſtrength of nations, that the compiler 
was induced to enquire into the populouſneſs of England, 
at different periods, from the earlieſt times to the preſent. 
In this difficult diſcuſſion, men, at once candid and able, 


7 g 


have ſpoken a language, often contradidtory to each other, | | | 


F 


: PREF AC E. 1 = 
be Lord Chief Juſtice Hale, and Gregory King, in the | | 


? 8 and Doctor Campbel and Doctor Price, in the 


preſent age, maintained opinions directly the reverſe of each 
other, in reſpect to the queſtion, Whether the people of 


tis iſland have not gradually increaſed, during every age, 


| e ſometimes diminiſhed, amid public convulſions and pri- 


vate miſery, The two firſt—the- one a great maſter of the 


rules of evidence, the other equally ſkilful in calculation— 


.* have agreed in maintaining the affirmative of that queſtion. 
Doctor Campbel has laboured to ſhew, that the inhabitants 
of England diminiſhed in their numbers under the miſrule 


of feudal ſovereigns. And Doctor Price has equally con- 


tended, that the people have decreaſed, fince a happier go- 


verament was introduced at che Revolution, and that they 55 


continue to decreaſe. 


It is propoſed to review hiſtorically the a 


with deſign rather to aſcertain the authenticity of their facts, 
than to eſtabliſh, or overturn, their ſeveral ſyſtems. The 


_ candid inquirer may perhaps ſee cauſe for lamenting, in his 


progreſs, that the learned are ſometimes too confident, and 
the unlettered always too credulous, And he will have an 
opportunity, as he advances, of liſtening to the ſentiments 
of his anceſtors, on various topics of legiſlation, and of ob- 
ſerving the condition of different ranks of men, previous to 


+ the period, at which 11 83TIMATE properly begins. 


333. 


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\F. the 8 e of 8 in 150 1 9 
ceſſive ages of the world, various writers have — = 
given diſſimilar accounts, becauſe they did not al - 2M 
ways acknowledge the ſame facts, or often adopt "i 
the ſame pringiples; 1n their moſt ingenious aqui. 
iin lum 305: bas 28 | 
The Lord Chief Juſtice Hale formerly, and-Six. i 
James Stuart and the Count de Buffon lately, con- 
ſidered men, as urged, like other animals, by de 
tural inſtincts; as directed, like them, by the ſame = 
motives of propagation; and as ge. after- 
wards, or deſtroyed, by ſimilar means 10 levins 
It is inſtinct then, which, e to theſe. il- 
luſtrious authors, is the cauſe of procreation; bus 
it is food, that keeps population full, and accumu- 
lates numbers. The force of the ſirſt principle we 
behold in the multitudes, whether of the fiſh of the 
ſea, the fowls of the air, or the beaſts of ihe ſeld. 
which are yearly produced: ve pereeive however 
the eſſential conſequence of the laſt. from the vaſt 
ere b xaM e fo want, 05 
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extent domeſtic animals may be 2 by] pro- 
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mankind have been found to exiſt and increaſe, in 
every condition, and in every age, according to the 
ſtandard of their ſubſiſtence, and to the meaſure * 


their comforts, _ | 
Hence Mr. Hume juſtly Ae that if de 


. would bring to ſome determination the gueſt ion 
1 concerning the populouſneſs of ancient and 


times, it will be requiſite to compare the ae 


modern 


and poſtical ſituations: of the two periods, in "ors | 
der to judge of the facts by their moral. canſes z, 
becauſe, jf every thing elſe be equal, it ſeems rea- 
foriable to expect, that where there are the viſelf 


inſtitutions, and the moſt heppingis, there wil 2 


Bethe moſt peorfe. Tad? 
Let us run over the hiſtory of England; then; 
dich « view to theſe reaſonings apd to theſe facts, 
| Settled probably about à thouſand years before 
the birch of Chriſt, England was found, on the 
arrival of Cęſar, to contain à greet mulſitude e 
people. But this roya/ and nobſe authgr tranſmitted = 
notices, with regard to the modes of life, which; 
Preyailed among theſe whom he came to. con- 
quer, - whence ne may judge of their numbers 
with greater certainty, than from the accuracy of 
hig language, or the weight of his authority. And 
he ſubenits to our jadgment ſufficient data, when 
1 that the inhabitants of the inland 
vn e rows ee 
1 1 n _ heighboury 


= 
: * 
** , . 
2 "x 1 * 
2 =" os $ get by q 


* 
" - 


maintained by + the more "peotlies labour of 9 


— 


1 
3 


" Havlog: weir SR Hake" af "the! Un . 
in the e and others of them in the third ſtage 2 
of ſociety, in its progreſs to refinement, the Bri- 

tons were ſoon taught the arts of manufacture, and 
the purſuits'of commerce, by their civilizing con- 
querors. A people who annually employed eight | 
hundred veſſels to export the ſurplus pri _ 

their huſbandry, mult have exerted great induftry— ß 
at home, and enjoyed fyfficient plentyfrom it. R&M. 
man Britain, of conſequence, muſt have become . j 
 tremely populous, during that long period, Rohm 
the arrival of the Romans, 55 years in _ 
birth of Chriſt, to rhe abdication of theft govern. > 
ment, in 446 of our !.. 
FPfom this event commenced à war of 6 bös 
ted pears continuance, if we calculate che ſettle⸗ 
ment of the Saxons, the ravages of the Danes, . 

' and rhe conqueſt of the Normans. | A courſe of 

| hoſtilities, thus lengthened beyond example, and 
waſteful beyond deſcription, changed completely 

che political ſituation of the people, by iovalving, — 5 
them in ages of wretchedneſs. It was to theſe” 

SEE cauſes Owings, that the inhabitants becar me di vided, _ 

at the epoch of The Conqueſt, into five 1 . 

claſſes; the barons, the free tenants, the free ſoc 

cagers, together with the villains and the flaves, 

e en - 


N | - .. 
1 | 
: 1 p 
N 1 
* 7 * * — Cw 3 _ 
18 5 3 
N or. - i=» 
; r 
* * 1 + a> « FS 
or 4 e . 
of 1 & * — 1 
— 
2 
x 
* of — x br 


x 


\ 


\s 


; : be f a Þ * + oy * - \4 . 3 2 

0 1 0 * 4 F. * 2 1 ; 3 

3 | nnn * e * 5 X 4.4.0 2 by Kc 
n | F e r n 2 2 Tas - 


= 0 4 3 
A 3 of the foregning; events, it pro 
bably Y Was, with the wretched condition of every 


order of men, which induced the Lord Chief 


„ Joſtjen Hale and Mr. Gregory King to agree in 
I ect] * that the people, of England, at the 
* « arrival ,of . the: Normans, might be ſomewhat 
© above tue million.”. And the notices of that 
3 5 inſtructive record, the Domeſday Book, ſeem 
: to juſtify the conjectures of both, by bibiting | 
1 Aatisfactory proofs of a very ſcanty popu lation in 
the country, as well as in the towns. 
The annals of England, from the epoch of a 
. Conqueſt. to the date of the Great Charter (from 
* 1066 to 1215) are filled with revolutions i in the 
government, and inſurrections of the people; 
with domeſtic war and foreign ravages; with fe | 
quent famines, and their attendant- -peſtilence. , a” 
Doctor Campbel has enumerated, t various eir- 
| curſtances to demonſtrate the unhappineſs « of the 
2 nation, during thoſe times, equally ferocious and 
1 vnſettled; "> and, by neceſſary conſequence, : 
| "I conſtant decline of their numbers. RO Te 9 
1 Few revolutions, ſaid he, even when achieved _ 
8 the moſt. waſtef ul conquerors, appear to have 
33 attended with ſo Aken. A Fe both 


1 


* * ? __ . 


3 
AK. 


' od 
” 


: 
88 


1 he conſtitution, from being limizs and free, 
| became x at once arbitrary and levere. . While the 


. 


> Orin of Mankind and Dinpnane' Works. Tk 
55 Poliigal GE | 


# 4 % 
F 1 a+ 4 N 1 . 
1 
3 DP 4 COSTA : ? 5 AW Py eh 
” 2 ” * . 
* 5 F 


F533 MY 


. 8 1 
ancient tobility ſerine tolifs annihilated; "the . 
Saxon people were "affuredly” reduced to vil 
lainage. And thoſe revolts enſued ſueceſſive- 

ly, Which neceſfarily ariſe: when à gallant peo- 
ple are deſpiſed, at the ſame time that they are 
oppreſſed. The Conqueror; urged partiy by re- 
venge, perhaps more by policy, was provoked, by | 
the inſurrection of the northern counties, to pre- 


ſetibe temedies as ſevere as they were barbarous. 
Ie ſo effectually depopulated the extenſive; 'coun- 


try from the Humber to the Tees, that it lay for 
years uncultivated, "whereby multitudes periſned 
fbr want; The pleaſures of William too were as 
deſtructive to the people as his anger. In form- 
ing che New Foreſt, he laid waſte an extent of 
EN 1 miles in 'Hampſhite, without regarding the 
cCcWries of villagers, or the ſacredneſs of churches. 
| And his gratitude to his ſupporters, though attend 
ed with leſs violence, produced, in the end, donſe- 
quences ſtill more fatal, with regard to the depo- 
pulation of England, than had reſulted either from 
his reſentment, or his ſport. He diſtributed the 
whole kingdom to about ſeven hundred of his. 
principal officers, who afterwards divided among 
their followers the ſpoils of the vanquiſhed, on 
ſuch precarious tenures as ſecured the ſubmiſſion 
of the lower orders, though not their hdppineſs. - - - 
The Conqueror's'meaſures, thus harſhly execut- 
ed, continued to influence all ranks of: men, long 
after the terrors of his government had ceaſed 3 


and while they neither ſecured the quiet, nor pro- 


lines , | | B3 15 : moted 


— 


in publie law, or any i innovation in private rights: 

and though it conferred. additional — — "= 
free, it IK ee eee N 
deen mne 


Jn" for nen vas inſtituted, pr 


tion of every.arder-in the ſtate 200 keys 


ini on the ſagacity of Doctor Cam 


minutely examined every circumſtance. ba gur 


ere a Wa that moged e to retard or 


and wich eiyil war, the reſult. of rurbulence, which 
could have added one man to our numbers. 
Though hiſtorians have celebrated the following 
reigns of our Edwards, as the moſt glorious in our 
ahnals z yet be remarked, that, during a period 


etlat of victories, the ſplendour of triumphs, or 
the acquiſition of diſtant territories, did not com- 
penſate the loſs of inhabitants, who eontinually de- 
creaſed, from the waſte of foreign and civil wars, 
and from ne Wee of SY 


; Pig: 
? 2 E SEW 
7 8 — 
* , % 
— 
; . 
* 
7 * \ 5 
% 
* 
* * 
331 _ 
E pe 
* =- 
3 Fi 4 2 F 
= w ** 4 - » . . 
: 8 \ 1 8 * 1 l * 'S #5 ow : ; 2 
2 % S8 . X p "vas {he £ . C ; 2 * 1 a * 4 SI | 
1 OR 4 n 22 1 * . - Is 


reaſoning. however. jut, did not 


"7 


— 4 — „ 


wherein there were ſcarcely ten years of peace, the; . 


| Wi 7 * 

— of Mazor-Graönt, vwhen he das re · 
flecting over*1heficklineſs, abo bealrbfulneſs, and feuit- 
vt fulne of ſeaſons,” that the more ſickly abe n 
__ the leſe fruitful of children they-alſo les, 

The firſt af weve III 0 
dre een 0s the paucity of inhabitants, may be 
ſeen in the Statute of Labourers, that was enacted in 
1349 · This law recites That whereas a 
part of the people, and eſpecially of work men SY 
ſervants, late died-of the peſtilenee, many, ſeeing 


vants, will not ſerve, unleſs they reeeive exceſſive 


wages, ſome being rather willing to beg in idle- 


neſs, chan by labour to get their living.“ Conſi- 
dering therefore the grievous incommodities 
-which: of the lack, -eſpecially of ploughmen and 


ſuch labourers, may hereafter come; Edward-HI. 


with the atitance-of the 'prelates, the nobles, and 


the learned men, ordained a variety of regulatibns, 
| jul in their theory, and violent in their execu- 


tion. This edict of the King in council was en- 


* * 


ee regulations. mel be ſean in, Ct Colledian of 


_ Statutes, vol. 5. p. 2621-3, ; and ſufficiently. eviace to what a 
deplorable ſlate of ſlavery the eollectire maſs of the people was 
then reduced. © Every able-bodied perſon, under fixty years 


required, Pall 


of age, not having ſuffieient to live on, being 
be bound to ſerve him that doth. ten or elſe ſhall be 
committed to gao], 1 de finds ſecurity to ſerye. If a ſerrang, 
Wen our cr {ervice before the time agreed + upon, 

ſhall be impriſotied. If any artificer rake more wagey -* 


Bn I's 


B 4 


the neceſſity of maſters and great ſcarcity of ſer- 


eee ede . The 


| Fon of natural products, and even of 
© tures, the ſtatute of the 23d Edward III. duetted. 
that the artificers ſhould be ſworn to uſe their 


1 We kee ideedpe dg beider year 
on the petition of the commonalty, that the ſaid 


ſervants, having no regard to the ſaid ordinanee, 


but to their eaſe and ſingular covetiſe, do with- 


dtax to ſerve. great men and other unleſs they have 


wages and living to the double and treble of that they 
Were duet anale eee Fin king abet 
a 1 t 141 Geer He TEES Wy . r bt. 


Let, after adjfting: minutely the/prices of 1. 


— 


crafts. as they did in the twentieth, year of the ſame 


| King“ (1346), under the penalty of impriſon- - . . # 
ment, at the diſcretion of the Juſtices. - The Par- 


liament buſied themſelyes, / year after year, in re- 
gulating labour, which had been defrauded of its 

juſt reward, by conſiderable defalcations from the 
coin * B an adminiſtration t n on. 


* 
'. 
; — J >. * . 1 3 b £ x7 r* 4 44 4% . vi 
3 8 x % 2 . * * 4 4 * gd <'$ 1 * vi * A Y * 4 * 
- * 4 „ 
. * 


e ay of theſe penalties was di andy Sealed by the 
__ Edward III. which direQs, © That if any labourer or 
; ſervant flee to any town, the chief officer ſhall deliver bim 
"up: and if they depart to another county, they ſhall be 
*burnt in the forchead with the letter F.“ Thus, ſays Ander- 


on, — lived, Nr manufaRtures drove flavery away. Hy | 
3 85 )en. At: of Com. v. i. p. * 


VE. 
© % ; * . 


| A . 
1 N * my MP + 1-53 . . „ ke 8 4 $28 


. " FRA the js of the 8 or ; twenty wittings in "ne 
ſent money, as eſtabliſhed by Edward I. in 1300, there we 


| 75 dedutted by Edward III. 1 in the 18th 2 his RA 1 114 I 
(and in che e reign 94. 1 mor Nez o „ thas there, hz 
wires} * * „ 5 


- 23s tag & 4 
ts 
8 


7.% 


| 


4 


— 
* 


— 


5 (9) 
vigorous, and-reſpeRted; hen Edward's ſuch wag 
lations had producedtumulriand revolt. 'Scarce- ' 
| ly indeed was thatigreat monarch laid in his grave, 
when the confirmation of the fame ſtatutes, by: his 
feeble ſuoceſſor, gave riſe to the memorable rebel 
von of Tyler and Straw, fo deſtructiue in its in- 
mediate effects, ſo beneficial in its. ultimate con- 
ſequences! The common people acquired im- 
plied liberty from inſurrection, while the Parlia- 


— 


N 
* 


ment were enacting“, ** that forced manumiſſitns 


Lane l. conſidered as void.” And ſueh are the r. 
volutions, which inſenſibly take place, during ages 
of darkcneſs, before the eyes of chroniclers, Who 


regarding the efficacy. of, things: e 


The declamatory recitals of ſuch: e 


authenticity of facts, unleſs where they are -ſup- 
ported by. collateral circumſtances. From the be- 
iterated debaſement of the coin,” which procteded 
from the expenſive wars of Edward III. ge 
be apt to infer, that the recited deſtruction of the 


peſtilence was merely a pretence to palliate mo- 


tives of . or. to Juſtify, the: .rigours. of * 
preſſion. 


On the 1 — ha od, dans Mead 
that the gene mortality, which has 


e A . + * 1 720 * N 
. SAT E CS © 


aſſures us, 


been taken no leſs than five fillings 252 nine ies "Y 
U a e in | 1300, "of £-2.175. 6d. 


EDEN»; 8; "au oO part thigh. „ 
+ By the z Richard 1h eee 01210105 07 ROM b 


0 Cay 


are carried away by the ſound ee without | 


generally to be regarded as ſlight. proofs of the 


"= d, un the country were berome mort - populous. 
From the 28d of Edward I. Oben the cities and 
bdordughs are fad to have been'firſt'formillly ſum. 
maonocd to Parliament, to the demiſe of Edvard V. 
tte ſheriffs often returned, That there were no 
cc̃ies or Boroughs in their countits, whence v 

mes could be fent. This form of 


dior Bratly has very juſtiy 

Phat the towns were ſo depopulated and poor, 
T7 1 Src wo og to pay the accuſtomed- 

= The truth of this repreſentation, - 
3 a of 5 commentary, is indeed confirmed © 

= ++ law of Henry VII.S; which recites, Thar 
|. Where in ſome towns, two hundred perſons lived | 
_ by their lawful labours, now they are : 
3 Cs .two of three herdimen, and the mes fall into 
=: : i nb ate Conteg p. „„ 
u n. Abt. ef Record, 5. 9%... 


. an Henry VII. ch. 19; which is publiſhed in the Ap 
an Pickering's Statutes, vol, aii 
| IG 4 Aiäleneſs. 


idlenefs.; And from the foregoing. fates we map 
ſurely jafer, that there muſt have been a great pays, 
city of people in England, during thoſe good od - 
times, at leaſt towards. the. concluſion of the cale = 
brated reign of Edward III rr ue 

From incontrovertible - evidence we can now. 
eſtabliſh-the whole numbet of inbubicants. wich fuf- | 
ficient exactneſs to anſwer: all the practical pur- 
poſes of the ſtateſman, and even to eff all the 
ſcrupulous doubts of the ſcoptic,, A poll-tax af 
four pence having been impoſed by the. 
ment of the. 51ſt, of Edward III. (2322) 0nEVery. 
lay perſon, as well, male as female, of fourteen years, 
and upwards, real mendicants only.excepted, an 
official. return of che perſons who paid the tax, i in 
each ey a city, and town, has been happily. Prev. 
And from this: jubfiay-ral it Pers, 


* W - lc. 9 
1 4 "ts % 3 P 0 a : 


: . . 2 '* 0 4 PO | £1 Cf) 
* - © 5 * # 1 wy; q * Ar * - 121 . 


„Id vecord, 40 infroQive as to the mn rate 
the-demiſe of. Edward III. was laid before the Antiquary So- 
ciety, in December 1784, by Mr, Topham of the Paper- 

ce ; a gentleman, whoſe curious m_— 
the juriſprudence and hiſtory of his country, as well u tome 
municative diſpoſition, merits the greateſt pralſe. | MF: . 
ham obſerved, that the ſum colleſted, in conſequence vf the 
ſublidy of 1377 being £-22,607.. 47, 8d. containgd only 
1,356,438 groats, which ought to have been the amount of 
thoſe who were fourteen years of age and upwards, But I 
have choſen to ſtate the number of perſons, who are mentioned 
in the roll whaving paid, in each county and town, amount-' 
ing to 1, 367, 239, Wing the total and added on che 
. ee, e i ny 8 r 12 E 


- ad _— 
* 1 SD v8 x4 4 gb : © 43 bs . 
1 2 d 1 10 rr : 
4 1 0 47 . 


+. 
Re 


. RN ' 4% 


— 3 4-3 


rr HEE 


” X N 8.64. 4 
to 


to form a ſufficient eſtimate of the total 


ing to the Breſlaw births and 


185 burialsy'f 
Norwich Table; and from the London T able, 
cCeonſtructed by Mr. Simpſon ; as theſe Tables are 
by Doctor Price, That the perſons at 
time living under fourteen years of age are a 
deal fewer than one third 9 "the OOO 
gang e thelay p 


YAY 


: dd 4 + 1 "=" * A 
. 2 3 ? * A 
- 
+, - 


4 


But, aer Were may. kid bech omit e 
l | e 8. Add one-third | . ww... St hs 


A 


"3s. * 1 - vs 
| r | | h " ES Qt 
i N | | 5 | 50 


Y as 


A number of beneficed clergy 7 1 


4 
: n RF 

. ; OE. 4 + & - > : 3} 6 4 5 8 0 . # 

5 4 


F | A. - paying: the tax 12 7 275 16.249 18 ho ff OI 


9944 4 


8 { a 
: 4 N * 7 : - 1 
« N a 1 me ; 4 > ; a * 
Y 8 4 1 T 3 1 

i / * *, \ 2 Le. F $ 

9 10 * J . y « 4 4 4 * q v4 

ad 227 P F N 9 * 

» 


4 


/ 3. A * 1 4 rw #7? 5 4 = : N 3 1 * 829 1 * 41 e ” 
MES 05; A $50 wo fe % ' dog As F 22 1 1 r Aan it ene 7 * a & * 
£ p . 


: % v3 pF 4% be * «4+ : 3 1 4 =; +& . . 8 7 ft * S + * * x Wd * - 
. *. 8 3 5 I z i. 1 


: 2 „ © 0 4 1 , * 10 en W w | 2 «. K £ 1 24 1 vs 
1 > 4 \ * L + 


eee a . 
* * : 7 4 


LT 36 tion CONES from'the' Table formed by Doc- - 


And: the non bend | 8 TH4 rn ws rn 


| : 5 5 Jo | 4 * EY *. 2 267 700d an: ih N 4977 IJ; i * Wie 1 1 oe 
9 «On Revert. Payments, vol. ii. P. 355 
f F g * F 5 E, 1 ; * - TIS 

7 * n * 1 R. "* HH ” EST Bat: 


| 2 " 4 . e 2 £ is 2 * 222 [5 a” * 8 . 
: , 3 * 1 . FX CM JE "5 IF o err A Yr — 1 — 2 p 4 A * 
3 2 8 aha S bs A 13 83 r * ; . 2 


\ 


——_ 


1,367,239 LE 


* 


| 3 = _ 
But Wales, not bad included in tis 
toll, is placed on e yr 0 603368 


1 Yorkſhire; ee . en 


Cheſhire pa EIN haying'had their 10 Efteckze OJ 
own receivers,| do not appear on thje 0 
5 893 the firſt Is ranked with Corn- © 


. * | 
.owalh'ar 10 (5:66: Dev 201-04 - 4400 


The ſecond with Norchumberlaid, RY 2 14 


3. 308auds, Paid bid awAegilided 

The "on people 5 Englund ang) : 2m 

7 Wales 2 4 i #1 a 2 it IB" A : 2,092,978 Fr 
2 mr Sn 5tols pap 23 


© We « can now build u upon a rock; tnving) before 

us proofs almoſt equal in certainty to actual enu- 
merations. Vet what. a picture of public miſrulez 
and private miſery, does the foregoing ſtatement 
een ne an unlidphyr <a of three hun- 

þ 9M N 

» From 8 Table (in his Ee on 'Waſs and 

Means, p. 76.) it appears, that Wales paid a much ſmaller 0 

ſam to the poll- tax of the 1ſt of William and Mary, to the 
quarterly poll, and indeed to every other tax, and contained 
a much lower number of houſes, according to the bearth- books 

of Lady-day 1690. It was giving a very large allowance to 
Wales, when this country was placed on an equality with 
Yorkſhire, which paid, in- 1377, for 191,040 lay perſons. 
The population of Cheſhire and Durham was ſettled upon ſi- 
milar principles ; and is' equally ſtated in the text at a me- 
dium rather too high. So that, as far as we can credit this 
authentic record, in reſpe& to the whole number of lay per- 
ſons upwards of fourteen years of age, we muſt believe, that 
this kingdom contained at the demiſe of Edward III. about 
TWO MILL1ONS, one hundred thouſand ſouls; making a rea- 
ſonable allowance for the uſual omiſſions of taxable perſons. 


- ' #5. 
x IN 3 | . . 1 "TY 
y 4 * * ” 
* 4 * 


4 


— # n Sw uno 


«tn .* 


* ” 
1 
. 1 . 
* RS IS 7 7 r TGCEEET — * _—_ * warty ** 4 4 
, Y - N * * 3 5 { * 25 bo To 4 


—— —— EIT 
A * $ 0 


a 2 "Sv 


Sb. a abt Ed *s ». 
= — * + FEE. . A 


D "$6 2 
1 


883 
* *. Cl 


18 - 4 * 
* * 
8 2 7 
1 * Wa, 
4 n 


BM 2 - 2 we 1 * 2 
0 * N * ; TOP : CIR as, 75 * 
* 4 — - 
* a o 
„1 — 7 
K . 
% 
* 
Fes, ho 1 ” | 4 \ \ 1 7 
N \ - 
* . 0 
i * 


- 


, _ So « A 
| 
"Re . : 
3 1 _ 
"E * * 
F 


here behold the powreful ope: 
ration of thoſe: cauſes of depopu 
tor Catmpbel collected, in order to rn his hy- 
M potheſis of a | 

But were we to admit that ons half of the poople 
lad been carried off by the deſolating 


>  thicds.as Me: Hume repreſents with greater pro- 
bability; we ſhould find abundant reaſop to ad- 
mire the ſolidity of Lord Hale's arguoient, in fa- 
your. of. a progreſſive population 3 becaule t i 

| circumſtance would alone evince, that there had 
during that long effluxion of time, a cohſi- 
derable increaſe of numbers, in different | ages of 
tranquillity or of healthineſs. A compariſon too 

| of the notices of Dameſday Book with the ſtare- 
ments of the Subſidy Roll, would ſhew a much 
inferior populouſneſs ſoon after the Conqueſt ; in 

| 7077; 1 than at the demiſe of Edward III.! in 1 


0 cot 


* : — ' + N ” . - * 2 
k 2 * 9 * 5 * 44» 4 + 6 
* — 4 x 
4 4 * 1 * 
T #44 4% 4 3 by 
4 a * = 
\ 1 , 
x * * X J 
- - — 
L 
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* = 
7 %* * — o 8 FI . * "4 
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n 
» : V 7 1 ; * 4 * 
[ [ : J S y 2 * "Wh. 
{ :& i > 
[ 1 1 - . * _ - 4 


153%, 4 Door Mead ſuppoſes; or even. one 


* 
* 
— 
— 
4 p 
« 
; #6 
- | ö * 
. * 8 x 4 F 1 * #4 . 2. s ** ae 
7 : 6 "6 bogs RY 5 re 1 A 
8 . n ier oO, 8 * 1 4 0 FP n . 
2 TU « 2 2 p 8 LA £ 


* 


1 a 
"4 Y r N 
8 5 F * ra N = © N * * 1 
I; vo If ” a; K * 9 4h. * 3 2 Wy; * . > * * 
| Fs R * a ** "44 * 
OM 


We Thall find. nn 
amuſement, from taking a view of our principal 
E OR A 


1 986 oe. d 


aeg ly perſons ; and 
„ * coptained conſequently ür 3500 ſouls, 


* 
— 7,989. „ 07000 2 65, 
3 . #% | * 2 
+0; 71 
e 
2 7 f 
-- * 


1 Lincoln for Tex”) 
Sarum (Wilts) for 
5 Lynn for - 1 rp a 


Beverley for + 2,663 u 7 4 
the | 55 
* 


Newcaſtle on 9975 for 2,647 


Canterbury for 257 » © 3.500 74 
; St. eee for 2,42 3,300 
. Oxford for 43,337 4 9 
Gloceſter for Tr 2,239 3, /%ͤ - | 
Leiceſter for 2,1 3,000 
palop for ' ⸗ 2,082 3,00 ) 
„ Dr. eee ee ; 
|  merly, The Domeſday Book ſhews ſufficiently the diminu- 25 
eee, and Mr. Topbam's Subfidy + ol 
oll puts an end to conjecture with regard . populoaſe 1 
poſs of any of R xe 4 : = 


= 
e ” 2 . p . c RT RA AG. wats 5 22 . 44 * , 4 PO PAT FO , N 

* WW R ad eek . , ] 88 

* CEA. 0 > k . 3 n 2 LL. ; r Wits * F * 97 * 
ata KY me * 15 * 8 F 1 d 4; $9 5.4 * N * 8 * : $I 
NN 

* 

3 . / 
__ : 
| \ r * i 3 
N 2 | \\ rf 


8 | Tholeaiothe oily win/wliibhchatpaldibenal: 
98 tax of a groat for more than two thouſand lay per- 
ons of fourteep years of age and upwürds. And 
re inconſiderableneſs evinces a marvellous depo- 
4 rA in the country, and a lamentable want of 
* madufactures and commerte every where in — 
wm. "Yet, Domeſday Book repreſents our citſes 
do have been little ſupetiot᷑ to villages at the Con- 
queſt * and ſtill mibre inconſiderable than i 
certainly were ar therdemiſe of Edward Ii 
Ther informations bf. contemporary riert 
vould/ nevertheleſs lead us to- conſider thoſe ark 
ly reigns gas times of :overflowing ne” 
| Amidſt all that depapulation, Edward III. is faid - 
co have ſuddenly collected, in 1360, 4 hundred 
7 thouſand men, whom he tranſported in eleven 
| Ros hundred veſſels · to France f. It did not, how- 
ee vxer, eſcape the ſagacity of Mr. Hume, when he 
reflected on the high pay of the ſoldiers, that the 
numerous armies mentioned by the hiſtorians of 
thoſe days, conſiſted: chiefly of raggamuffins, who 
followed the camp for plunder. In 1382, the 1c 
bels, ſays Daniel 4, ſuddenly - marched towartis 
London, under Wat. Tyler and Jack: Straw, and 
muſtered on Blackheath ſixty thouſand ſtrong, or, 
as others ſay, an hundred thouſand. In 1415, 
Henry V. invaded France with a fleet of ſixteen 
hundred fall I. and fifty thouſand nan "who | 


* UL 2 RAE & 3.#$E-3 DEE 2-7 


4 


es Brady on Boroughs, * (01/3 4s 
"I + Ander. Chron. Ac. iof i v. 1. p · 191. : 15 — 

t Hiſtory of Richard, in Lennet, p. aber 
. Chron. Ac. of enn. v. I. P. 245+ 


ö : ; N Wo | ; 4 5 * 2 4 ba FE ky . N. ; | 4 . 
o 27 a» Z + Be es 2 Y 9 875 I 
* | : oy | 9 8 | *. | 7 
RE © * 8 
x 30 N 
5 " nds riß e won the glorious FI of Azins: 


court. "Hiſtory" is filled with ſuch inſtances of a | 
© vaſt armies; which had been haſtily levied for tem- | 


porary enterprises: yet, we ought not not thence 0 


infer, that the country was overſtocked with in- 


habitants. The ſtatute of the gth Henry V. re- 


tes “ That whereas, at chè making of the act f 


de 14th of Edvard 11. (1340) thete' were ff 


wars, there are hot now (142 f) a ſufflciency of 


0 © reſponſible- perſons to act as ſheriffs, coroners, 


e and eſcheators.” The laurels which were gained 


5 by Henry V. are well known; ſays the learned db: 
ſerver on the ancient ſtatutes; but he hath left us, Fi 


in the preamble of one of his ſtatutes, moſt irre- 

fragable proof, that they were hot obtained, but 
at the deareſt priee, the depopulation of ibe country, 

Tube facility with which great bodies of en 


may be regarded as the moſt diſaſtrous in our latter 


annals; becauſe, a civil war, remarkable for the in- 
veteracy of the leaders, and for the waſte of the 
people, began e one Frm, and ended mm + 


«' ficient of proper men in each county to execute” 
_ ©'byery: office; but: that, owing to peſtilence and 


were collected, in thoſe early ages, exhibits then, for 
dur inſtruction, a picture of manners, idle and li- 
centious; and ſhews only, for our comfort, that the 
moſt numerous claſſes of mankind exiſted in a 
condition, which is not to be envied by thoſe, _ : 
in better times, enjoy either health orcaſe. 1 © 
| ©" The period from the acceſſon of Henry Iv. in 
- 1399; to the proclamation of Henry VII. in 1485, 


2 


the other. Doctor Caupbel h og collected the va 
rious circumſtances of depopuation ; tending to prove, 
that the number of inhabitants, which, before the 


bloody conteſts between the Lancaſtrians and 


Lorkiſts began, had been already much leſſened, 

was in the end greatly reduced, by a ſeries of the 

moſt deftrutive calamities. The monuments, of 

- more ſettled times were Vemoliſſed; the coun- © 
try was laid waſte 'cities ſunk into towns, while 
towns dwindled into villages: and univerſal dev 
folation is ſkid to have enſued. If, indeed, we 
could implicitly eredit the recitals of the laws of | 
Henry VII. we ſhould find ſufficient evidence; 
That great defolations daily do increaſe, by pull 
ing down and wilful waſte of houſes and towns; 

and by laying to paſture lands which bir 
have been uſed in tillage.” : 
An important change had certainly taken . : 
mean while, in the condition of the great body of 
the people, which fortunately promoted their hap- 
pineſs, and which conſequently proved TATE 
to the propagation of the ſpecies. _ 

T here exiſted in England, at the Conqueſt, no 

free hands, or freemen, who worked for wages ; 
ſince the ſcanty labout᷑ of times, warlike and unin · 
duſtrious, was wholly performed by villains, or by 
| faves. The latter, who compoſed a very nume- 
rous claſs, equally formed an object of foreign . 
trade, for ages after the artival of the Conqueror, 
who only prohibited the ſale of them to infidels*. 


® Dr, Hens Hilo of Great Britain. | 


But 


Y 0 19 | 
But abe Joves bad happilydeparted FS 


before the reign of Henry III. This we may in- 


fer ſtom the law declaring, in #225, im men 
* all nt Hall ze aner: and it only | 
mentions villains, freemen, (though probably not 
in the modern ſenſe), merchants, barons, carla, and 
men of the church. Another order of men is al- 
ſeſſion 2 whom we ſhall find, in after times, riſing 
to great importance, from their numbers and opu- 
| fence. And a woollen manufacture, having al- 

ready increaſetl to that ſtage of it when frauds 
begin, was regulated by the aft , which required, 
<« There ſhall. be dur one enn 


5 Frais“ 


Tet this i e ipcontidentble | 
during the warlike reign of Edward I. and the 
turbulent adminiſtration of his immediate ſucceſ- 
bor, F the ee 
_ wodk. 

The year 1331 marks the firſt arrival of Wal: 

loon manufacturers, when Edward III. wiſely de- 
termined to invite foreigners 1nto England 2, to 
inſtruct his ſubje&s in the uſeful arts. As early 
__ as the Parliament of 1337, it was enacted, That 
No wool - ſhould be exported; that' no one ſhould 
wear any but Engliſh cloth; that no clothes made 
beyond ſeas ſhould be imported; that foreign 
| dathworkers wicht come into the King's demi 


p Henry III. pions | 14 9 Henry II. ch. 2g. 
4 Chen, Ac of Gm v. 1. p. 162. 


e nions, 


3 05 20 Y | 
nions, agg mould have. fach franchiſes] 575 "might. 
Hail them. Nee 2207] 
Before this * fays De wir . 
mats of the manufacturers in Flanders obliged 
them to ſeek ſhelter in other countries, the Englim 0 
were little more than ſhepherds and wool-fellers. 
From this epoch manufactures became often the 
object of legiſlation, and the ſpirit of induſtry will 
be found to have ee WY the 157 Pre 
pulation. 1 7 
The ſtatutes of 8 * 1349 and 1350 os 
dempnirate a. conſiderable change in the condition 
and purſuits of the moſt numerous claſſes. During i 
ſeveral reigns after the Conqueſt, men labour- 
ed, becauſe they were ſlaves. For ſome years be- 
fore theſe regulations of the price of work, men 
were engaged to labour, from a ſenſe of their own 
freedom, and of their own wants. It was the 
ſtatutes of labourers t, which, adding the compul- 
ſion of law to the calls of neceſſity, created op- 
pPreſſion for ages, while they ought to have given 
relief. | It is extremely difficult to aſcertain the 
time when villainage ceaſed in England, or even to 
trace its decline. The Edwards, during the preſ- 
ſure of their foreign conqueſts, certainly manu- 
mitted many of their villains for money: ! | "Ong 


Intereſt of Holland. ; 

I See the 12th Richard II. ch. 3, 4, 5, 6, 9. 7 U wee, 
no artificer, labourer, ſervant, or victualler, hall depart from 
one hundred to another, without licence under the king's ſeal 
"Theſe laws, fays Anderſon, are ſufficient proofs of the Ndviſh 

condition of the common ſervants in thoſe times (1388), 


— 


En 
to the previous fewneſs of b bald the gude 
rous armies, which for almoſt a century deſolathd 
© the nation amidſt} our civil wars, muſt have been 
neceſſatily compoſed of the lower ranks: and 4 
may at diy ſuppoſe, that che men, who ha 
been brought from the drudgeries of booties to 
contend a8 ſoldiers; for the honour of nobles and 
the rights of Kings, would not readily refinquiſh 
the honourable ſword for the meaner* ploughſhare/ 
The church, even in the darkeſt ages, remonſtrated 
_ againſt the unchriſtian practice of holding fellow- 
men in bondage. The courts of juſtice did not 
willingly enforce the maſter's claim to tlie ſervi- 
tude of his villains, till, in the progreſs of know- 
ledge, intereſt diſcovered, that the pürchaſed la- 
- bout of freemen was more productive than the 
liſtleſs and ignoble toil of Naves. Ov ing to theſe 
eauſes, "there were certainly” few villains in Eng- 
land at the acceſſion of Henry VII. On ; ard the 
great body of the people having thus Saen 
freedom, and with it greater comfort, thenceforth 
acquired the numerous bleſſings, which every where 
reſult from an orderly adminiſtration of eſtabliſhed | 
government. N 11 Ae nob ns | 
During altoſt 8 century, before eee 
Henry VII. in 148 5, the manufacturers of wools 


The fatute of 23 12 v. chap. 12. wentions o. only ſer- 
vants, artificers, workmen, and laboorers 3 and there. is a 
diſtinction made between huſbandry ſervants and domeſtic 
ſervants. Yet villains, are. ſpoken of,. even in our e courts of 
- Juſtice, nh ſeldom, alle as the time of, Were 


d S 85 with 


( #8 * 
with. their attendant artificers, had kred the ſcat of 


- their induſtry, in every county in England. The 


principle of the act of navigation had been. intro- 


duced into our Waile early as 3381, by 


the lay declaring *, , That none of the king's 
1 ſuhjects mall carry forth. or bring merchandizes, 

« but only in ſhips of the king's .allegiance;” The 
too had been encouraged f., Agricul- 


ture. had been moreover promoted, by the law 
. which declared $, That all the king's ſubjects 
< may; carry; corn, out of the tealm when they 
< will,” And guilds, fraternities, and other compa 
niet, haying ſoon after their creation impoſed mo- 


nopoliaing reſtraints, were corrected by a law of 
Henry VI. $3 though our legiſlators were not very 


ſteady, during an unenlightened wi in dhe. eppli- 


cation of ſo viſe a policy. 


In reading, the laws. of Edward Iv. de think 8 
ourſelves i in modern times, while the ſpirit of cha 
mercantile ſyſtem was in its full vigour, before it 


had been ſo perſpicuouſly explained and 7 ably ex -· 
ploded I. It Coy in the laws of Richard 
III. chat we ſee. more clearly the commercial ſtate 


of England, during the long period, wherein the. 
Engliſh people were unhappily, too much engaged 
in nalin. In theſe inauſpieious times was 


© 5 Richard II. ch. 9-6 Righard, ch s 
-" By 6 Richard II. ch. 155 2 2 
e 


BE Fu v7 ONO 
1 u Becher Ly os u. What (of Ntons,” 1 


* eee. ch. 67 11 * re 212, 19. 


Li it 4 


| k K 23 "IX CE 
the trade af England chiefly carried an by I- 
lians, ar leak by marchants from dhe ſhores of the | 
paſed moſtly-of Flemings, wha, under the eucou- 
ragement af Edward IH. had fled from the diſtracr 
tians af the Netherlands, far rapoſa and emplay: 
ment in England. And the paruſal of the pream- 
ble ef one of Richard's laws , will furniſh a cor | 
vineing proof of this: * Majeover, a great nua 
$5-þer of artificers and ather firangers, vat bar 
under the king's abeiſance, da daily reſort to 
#*London,' and to atker cities, baroughs, and 
„ toyns, and much more than they were want to 
do in times paſt, and inhabit by themſel ves in 
this realm, with their wives, children, and 
, houfehald ; and will not take upqu them any la- 
© barious occupation, as gaing to plough and cart, 
and other like buſineſs, hut uſe the making of 
* cloth, and. ather handicrafts and eaſy dccupa- 
tions; anf hiring from the parts beyond the ſea 
te great ſubſtance of wares and merchandizes to 
fairs and markets, and other places, at their 
©* pleaſure, to the impoveriſhment- of the kings 
* fubjedts z and wil} anly take into their ſervice 
people barn in their amn countries ; whereby 
the king's fubjets, for lack of occupation, fall 
into idlenefs and vicious/living, to the great per- 
® 1 Richard II. gh, 9. Bat Heary, VII., apes the /atpd 


cation of the Traliqn merchantq, "repealed the greater part of this 
law, whic aints' | 


2 | 
* #4. 


vio incurred, in the trug ſpirit of his aygrigious. govern- 


G4 A turbance 


g * 4 - * y P « N F . * a p pe 
5 Pg £ = ax \ „ 2 a e a Y * Y » a Ch wy CE ha 4d " A. " 4 1 * 8 2 
* 9 — 2 A p od p — * * e 2 "I * A A * N * 2 
5 a if * * (A ” . 47 Xp... 9 pov + a, F 1 £55 * * of ” TY WE wg * > 3 * 4 EL . * N * 3 * aca OT. 4 8 * — 
541 n NG | , "4 : e n ESP . 4 «i Wl : 1 8 
o y 14 » * — 13 hs r 9 = , 2 - 1 h — a — * * 18 & 1 
, — 1 Do | A « by : * * Fry. N 1 4 a „ 
265% EY & « « : F —- n SS , FR $ N 
TL 2 1 2 1 . p > 5 : 
* Js ' - Mu a 


- — 


* 7 N N a Fe * 
v „ 1 
% TS LET 4 — — 
255 ; . NE 6 . , * 
1 a * a ; av : h | *. 4 M 
1 , ! , N * [: W 
* , 2 L + a * A ; * \ : n 
F ; , 


the Commons of England.“ 
times, it is perhaps the wiſeſt bene neither to . 
" gourape foreigners to come, nor to drive them aways. 
When manufacturers have been thoroughly ſet· 


IP \ wo A 


| 


0 24 4 1 
< tyrbance of the realm - All this OY 
otherwiſe! by Henry VII. though probably with 
out much ſucceſs, upon the bam nner 


tled, nothing more is wanting to promote the 


wealth and populouſneſs of a country: from their 
labour, than the protection of their property and 


freedom, by the impartial adminiſtration of juf- 
tice; while their frauds are repreſſed, and their 


combinations prevented, by doing equal right We. 1 


ack order in the ſtate. et % 1, 
The policy of Henry VII. ids bas praiſed! by 


. Ae eee to its worth. Anderſon re- 
| _ * that this prince, finding the woollen ma- 


s nufactures declining, drew over ſome of the beſt 
e « Netherland clothmakers, as Edward III. had 
ce done 150 years before. This is probably ſaid 
without authority; ſince the law of the preceding 
reign, concurring with the temper of the times, did 


not permit the eaſy execution of ſo unpopular a 
meaſure. Henry VII. like his two immediate 


predeceſſors, turned the attention of the Parlla- 


ment to agriculture and manufacture, to commerce 


and navigation, becauſe: he found the curtent of 
the national ſpirit already running toward all theſe 
ſalutaty. objects: : hende, ſays Bacon, it was no 
board matter to diſpoſe and Alert BE: Eqcliament 


12 1 £ 12 


1 4 s * . $6 ; 
Chron, Ace. of Com ip. 306. 3 
6 „ 
F | in 
161 1 3 * => . , 4+ 
: s 40 & 3 . . , 1 
4 i 


X TITS {ee Mid EY ET OT ROOD; AM 5 5 8 3 22 N 9 * ö 9 ow N a be, 9 
= "PL . bs 9 * *% 3 . 5 1 4 4 , „ 9 * * * os wy * 7 3X; T 
| 5 vF "age 4 11 1 RENE Mis, 13 N 3 v8 | * dat WN 1 nn 2 ' RI EY 1 2 * 41 . 
” EY as + - of £5 £2 > - l . —— * 9 — — 4 


- jnlrhilebufiteſs?:; And che legillature enacted 5 A 
variety of: laws, which! that illuſtrious hiſtorian ex- 
"oi his uſual perſpicuĩty “; allitendinp, 
ſays he, in their wiſe policy, tatards the populntion 
apparently, SIE ns f eu 
= vo RYAN! rn ieee 1 gt! 5 
That monarch's mieaſures Surberg the op- 
| — of the nobles; for facilitating the 
alienation of lands; for keeping within” reaſonable 
+ bounds the'bye-laws of corporutiont; and, above all, 
for ſuppreſſing the numerous bodies of men, who 
ere then retained in the ſervice of the gteat; all 
theſe deſerve the higheſt commendation, beeauſe 
they were attended with effects, as 3 ay they 
were eſfickciou ss MRO WH) 
It may be however doubted: whether bis pig 
dling huſbandry of petty farms, which has been 
duce a ſufficiency of fobd for 4 manufuctoring 
country, or even prevent the tod frequent returta 
955 famine.” Agriculture muſt be practiſed as u 
trade, before it can ſupply ſuperabundande. Cer- 
-tain it is 7, however, that till the reign of Henry 

VIII. we had in England no carrots; turnips; cab- 
bages, or ſallads; and few of the fruits, which now 
ornament our gardens, or exhilarate our tables. 
The ſpirit of improvement, however, which had 

taken deep root, before the acceſſion of Henry 

VII. continued to eee ſhoots dur- 


Jy 1 9 ö 1 7 eien Xx 25 Ne ; 
. Hiltory i in a Kennet, v. 15 p. $047 2 1211 
* And. Chron, Com. vo bop, 3%. 


. 


ing 


8 Men Ty 6 — * 
e 78 : g 8 7 SY” ef : 4 5 8-4 i. * 27 7 
II | Wm - 1 My \ * T 7 * A My R 
ns Os * A : Fes & — * 
">: : 4 ” tk. p 15 is 
+ 5 Be 


: * w Rue 5 
. Fe L : ** 
, - $4 4 as a 
7 - e 6. - « £ % [ 
1 W 7 
» ; 4 . 5 
|. 1 
4% | 


. 9 OR. 
nab ed — infus from the fv3. 


quent proclamations againſt the praftice of inclo- 


ings which was ſaid to create.a decay of 'buſhandry, - 
On che ather hand, a ſtatute was enadted to en- 
fexce the ſouing of flax - ſeed and hemp. The na- 
tion is repreſented io have been over- run by fareige + 
 mavufe2yrers,  whaſe fuperior diligence and c 
nomy accaktioned popular tumults. While the 
| kingdom was gradually filling with peaple, it was 
the yeorly praticato grant meney t0-repait towns,” 
which were ſuppoſed to be falling into ruin. Yer 
the numeraus laws, that were enacted by the Pare | Z 
_ linens of Henry VIII. for the paving af fireets - 
in various gitles and villeges, evinoe ham much in- 
duſtry had gained ground of idleneſa; how much 


far a defire of comfort had ſueceedod to the lan- 
ing this. peried Peſſed, for giving a monapalꝝ af 
manufaſtuxa to diffnteat towns; and which prove, 
thy a grant activity prevailed, hy the frequent do- 
fire of {6lſh; enjaymest;. A on inte- 
reſi of the tradaſmen themſelyes. · 
Tue ſtatute, however, which limited hs nt 
of money ta 10 er cent. demanſirates, that much 
n had not yet been braught ipto the 
eoftbrs' of letiders ; whilo a greater number of bot- 
rowers defired to augment chair wealth, by em- 
ploying the money of otherg ip the gperations of 


e The kings of Bögl bach * 


. 


opulence began th prevail aver penury ; and ho 


ts 1 


afecr thiz-epoch, borrowed large ſoms In ch 
and the Netherlands. A parliamentary debate of 
che year 1523, exlübits a lively picture of the opi- 
nions that were at this time entertained as to cireu- 
lation; Which, in modern times, has fo great an 


effe& on the ſtrength of nations. A ſupply of 
eight hundred thouſand pounds being aſked by 
Cardinal Wolſey for the French war, Sir Tho- 
mas More, the Speaker of the Commons, endea- 
voured to convince the Houſe, That it mas not much, 
on this occafien, to pay fave fillings in the pound," 
But to this the Commons objected, That though 
true it was ſome perſons were well monied, yet, 
in general, the fifth part of men's goods was not 
in plate or money, but in ſtock or cattle; and that 
to pay away all their coin would alter tho whole 
intercourſe of things, and there would be a ſtop 
in all traffick ; and conſequently” the ſhipping of 
the kingdom would decay, To this grave objec- 
tion? it was however gravely anſwered, That the 
money ought not to be accounted as loſt, or taken 
away, but only as transferred into other hands of 
their kindred or nation; ſo that no more was about 
to be done than we ſee ordinarily in markets, - 
where, though the money change maſters, yet 
every one is accommodated. Nor need you far 
this ſcarceneſs of money 3 the Mncercditeſe er eli | 
being ſo eſtabliſhed throughout the world, 1b 
there is a_ perpetual circulation of all that can be ne- 
ceſſary to mankind. Thus your commodities will 
ever 5 out money; while our on merchants 
| will 


—— — — 
- 
” 


- _ - more clearly explain the marvellous accommoda- 
tion of money, when quickly paſſed from hand to 


"quences the moſt happy and the moſt ſting, 


«© 25 ) 
will be as 06 your corn and cattle, as vou | 


ra any thing they can bring yu). 


Such is the argument of Sir Thomas More Ne 


: has thus left a proof to poſterity of how much he 
knew, with regard to modern œconomy, without the 


aid of modern experience. No one at preſent can 


hand, or the great facility in raiſing public ſupplies, 
when every one cap eaſily convert his property, 


either fixed or moveable, into the metals, which 
are the commodious meaſure of all things. And 
this is circulation, of which we ſhall hear ſo 
much in later times; and which creates ſo mo- 
mentous a ſtrength, when it exiſts in full vigour; 


yet lenke, when it diſappears) _ OO Aa _ 
lex. id 3 


But His ſuppreſſion of; yr Ack re- 


formation of religion, are the meaſures of Henry 
VIII. 's reign, which were attended with :conſes 


Fifty thouſand perſons are ſaid to have been main · 


tained in the convents of England and Wales, who 


vere thus forced into the active employments of 


life. And a hundred and fifty thouſand perſons 


are equally ſuppoſed to have been reſtrained 


8 from marriage fo a eee 


Population. 


's Lord Herbert 8 Hiſtory of Henry Vil in a Kennet, v. . it 


1 86. + wh 
n Com l. f. 368. N 2% D 


Ie While 


tw: os 


While A deb ew of our People were e 
Wer dene, from various ſources, Edward VI. is 


aid to have brought over, in 1549, mam thouſands 


of foreign manufacturers, who greatly improved 
dur own fabricks of various kinds. Yet, they 
were not invited into a country, where the lower 
ordets were even then very free, or very happy: 


The a& * for the puniſoment of vagabonds and "the 


relief of 'the poor, recites, Foraſmuch as idleneſs 
and vagabondrie is the mother of all thefts and 


| iber miſchiefs, and the multitude of people 


given thereto has been always here, within this 
kingdom, very great, and more in number than 


in other regions, to the great impoveriſſiment of 
« the realm.“ This law therefore enacted, That 


if any perſon ſhall bring before two juſtices any 
runagate ſervant, or any other which liveth idly 
and loiteringly by the ſpace of three days, the ſame 


juſtices ſhall cauſe the ſaid idle and loitering ſer- 


vant or vagabond to be marked on «the breaſt. 


with the mark of V by a hot iron, and ſhall ad- 


judge him to be a fave to the perſon who brought = 


bim, and who may cauſe him to work, by beating, 
chaining, or otherwiſe: The unenlightened- makers 
of this diſgraceful effort of legiſlation became 


ſoon ſo aſhamed, as to repeal the law, which they 
ought to have never made. And were it not, that 
it ſhews the condition of the country, and the 
modes of e of che kigher orders, in 1547, 5 


| * 1 Edward VI. ch. 3. 


*: | it 


* 3 5 

5 i ie ithout much Joſs, be * o 
| the ſtatute book. 

| ae of this avhgn were a . 

. 58 pr in ſome other of their laws. They reſtored the 
8 atute of treaſons of Edward III. , they encou» = 
3  - raged the fiſheries to Iceland, to Newfoundland, 
and to Ireland. They inflicted penalties on the 
- fallers of victuals, who were not content with rea · 
| ſonable profit, and on artificers and labourers, con- 
"ping abs: time and manner of their work. As 
feat iuconvenienciat, not meet to be rebearſed, b 
15 <« followed of compelled thaftity,” all poſitive laws 
againſt the marriage of prieſts were repealed. 
vi Manufactures were encouraged, partly by pro- 4 
curing the materials at the cheapeſt rate, but till 
more by preventing frauds. And agriculture was E 
promoted by means of incloſing, which is ſaid to 
have given riſe to Ket's rebellion in 1349. This 
event alone ſufficiently proves, that the people had 
eonſiderably On but had. not 7et * * 
dil to labour. 

Vl the abſurd praftce contiuued, ae be 
reign. of Mary. of promoting manufactures by 
monopoly, inſtead of competition, one law alone 

% appears to have been attended with effects, conti- 
eren 
| | | ing of highways 3 being now, ſays the law, 

i ** beth very noiſome and tedious to travel-in, und 
. en pallengars: and carriages.” - ws 


„ 2 * Phiipaand Mary, ch. 8. 


. i , 2-43 Þy 4 r 
r Ly 2 1 my "PP Pa 1 * 
TTY 2 ay 7 bo 1 * 1 * * Ch 3 LN 4 * * 
K | * "hd 3 * | 5 * kf A \ 8 a þ x 2 e : . * 3 0 
7 5 N * . * " Ts 1 111 7 "TI IO 1 * 
8 * * Y 4. 5 1 75” 4. S. : p = » N A. 7 ” . 
* o A 4 * "RX a g N * 6 N © * 31 . 4 * 
L 7 0 +, <1 « * 4 U a 1 F 7 * 10 * * „ N. , - * 1 5 * ON o P 1 - 
| WS . 9 8 | 1 SYN 
\ 9 5 83 Y : 1 V. N 7 Vac - % 
f wort * | "0 
1 , — — 7 397 3 . 
* - - „ 
| * 4 1 g : $ þ og . 1 
. \ I | A g 8 AD, 8 
8 : * N g Ks, 1 *. ? * 2 Y 
9 
3 * * 
, 4 * / 


0 31 * 8 

ſh legiſlation: os a ſubject ſo 
— proſperity of every — 
the act of Edward I: for enlarging dhe ns: 
_ - highways from one marłet ton to another. 
lam which was enncted in 12855 was however. in- 
© rended rather to preventrobbery, than to prodiert 
flacility in travelling. The rouds of  particulat 
_ difirits were amenddd by feveräl kivs of Henry 
VIII. But chis of Philip and Mary is thefirſtges = 
- neal lues which obliged. when 0 
| hbour of it people, to tepeir eee - 8 
reitzn er Charles II. merits the praiſe uf having | 
act tabliſked thinpikes 3 whereby thoſe, who en- 
joy de Benefits ef W enn 

ce. 

. 1 of the” ede 
deen of -Elimvet, 4 conſiderable change had. 
| Gvvbeleſs takith place in our policy, and in me 
| Huthblevs ef our people, ns 
kuren, fiflieries, - commerce, "diſtant yopages, ha 
| Al beth begon, and made ſome progreſs, from 
| the ſpibit chat had already been incited. ene 
theſe muſt aſſuredly have flouriſhed, during 
meſtic tranquillity of a ſteady eee eee 
Ralf a century, as well as afterwards, 
drempfe of economy and prudence, of —_ 
And vigour, which Elizabeth, on 3 — | 
Be ni. er emu; . for 


Wiſs, vz, foroants of Infundry, and v. 


E * 5 Eli, ch. 4+ preatices; 


A 2 * my * 3 . 
n "> » - TS 8 
4 $ 4 7 * Bo 1 3 r 9 
ö EI ooo L © N Ja 
| h YER 1 $5 1 2 
we. * . \ Y V5 * ? 7 
1 * >s TS =y. 1 * 1 
t: AN Ave 
8 : 


Ws 


4 * * „ : 2 * 2 5 * 1 | : . . ? 8 FS 4 25 9 ' i 
 Frentices, ente ve F 

N r . 
learn from ety wine: the! c . 


. we ſee, from this enumeration, had tec before . 1 


1562, to be objects of legiſlation.” And we may 
perceive from the recital,· That the wages and - 
-” © allowances, rated in former ſtatutes, are in divers. / 
© places too ſmall, and not an/werable to:this lim *. 

* L reſpecting tht advancement of all things, bog 

* to the ſaid ſervants and labourers, a favoura- 
ble change had talen place in the fortungs pf this * 
numerous claſs. This law, particularly where: it 

3 tequites apprenticeſhips, ought to be repealed + be. | 1. 

> Ccavle;its tendency is to ane tbe ne aha... 

ſupbject, and to prevent e among wit = 

men. ST 
Te ſame IO Po . be applied to 5 

* < againſt the erecting of cottages . If me. 

may eredit the aſſertion of the legiſlature, great 

„ multitudes of cottages were daily more and more 
« increaſing, in many parts of this realm.“ This 
ſtatement evinces an augmentation of people; ; 
yet, the execution of ſuch regulations, a8 this law 
contains, by no means promotes the toi 8 of 
huſbandry ſervants. 

Ihe principle of the poor Jews, which. may be - 
ſaid to have originated in this reign, as far as it 
neceſſarily confines the labourer to the place of his 
birth, is at once deſtructive of freedom, and of the 
true intereſts of a manufacturing community, that 
can alone be effect wy 25 by * 5 


| CIVIL 755 | - kB ck 
2 


OC 8 85 
5 which hinders the riſe of wages among workmen . 
and promotes at onee the n and cheapneſs &- 
| of the manufacture. gies 3: 8 
A few falutary laws were doubtleſs male during 
the reign of Elizabeth. But her legiſlation will 
be found not to merit generally much praiſe. Her 
acts for encouraging manufactures by monopoly; 
for promoting trade by prohibition; and for aid - 
ing huſbandry, by preventing the export of corn, 
alone juſtify this remark. Her regulations, for 
puniſhing the frauds, which, ariſe commonly in 
manufactures when they are . by mono- 
poly, merit commendation. _ * 
Having thus ſhewn the commencement of an 
inereaſing population, amidſt famines and war, and 
traced a conſiderable progreſs, during ages of 
healthfulneſs and quiet, it is now time to aſcertain 
the preciſe numbers, which probably exiſted ,in 
England, towards the end of Queen Elizabeth's *h 
reign. 
F rom the eke which ſtill remain in i the | 
Muſeum, it is certainly known, that very accu - 
rate accounts were often taken of the people, by 
the intelligent minifters of that great princeſs. 
Harriſon, who has tranſmitted an elaborate de- 
- ſcription of England, gives us the reſult of the 
muſters of 1575, when the number of fighting 
men was found to be — 1,172,674: 
Adding withal, that it was believed a full third had 
been omitted. Notwithſtanding the greatneſs of 
this number, ſays Mr. Hume, the ſame author com- 
eg much of the decoy of populouſneſs : ; a vulgar- 
| D complaint 


(4) Pb, 


complkint in all ages. and. places“. Sir Walter 
Raleigh however aſſerts, that there was a general 
review, in 1583, of all the men in England, ca- 
pable of bearing arms, who were found to amount 
to — — 172,0 
Here then are two credible evidences to an im- 
portant fact: That, in 1575 or 1583, the fighting 
men of England, e to enumerations, 
amounted 480 —. — 1. 12 e 
Which, if multiplied by 45 8 prove 
the men, women, and children to 
have ben — 4.688, 00 
: Wichout comparing minutely the CG which 
we have already found, in 1377, with the people, 
who thus plainly exiſted in 1577, it is apparent, 
that there had been a vaſt increaſe in the interme-- 
diate two hundred years. Such then were the 


 ® Hiſt, vol. v. p. 481. — vi. p. 179. By endeavouring to col⸗ 
lect every thing that could throw light on the population of Eli- 
zabeth's reign, Mr. Hume has bewildered himſelf and his re- 
der. Peck has preſerved a paper, which, by proving that there 
were muſters in 1575, confirms Harriſon's account. [ Deſid. 
Curiofa, v. i. p. 74-] It is a known fact, that there was an 
enumeration of the mariners, in 1582, which correſponds with 
Raleigh's account. [Campbel's Pol. Survey, v. i. p. 161.} 
That there were ſeveral ſeveral ſurveys then, is a fact incon- 
trovertible ; as appears indeed from the Harl. MSS: in Brit. 
Muſ. Nos. 412 and 6,839. The Privy Council having re- 
quired the Biſhops, in July 1563, to certify the number of fa- 
milies in their ſeveral dioceſes, were informed minutely of 
the particulars of each. Some of the Biſhops returns may be 
ſeen in MSS. Harl. No. 595. Brit. Muſ. From the Bi- 
ſhops certificates, as well as from the 31 Eliz. ch. 7. it ap- 


pears, that the words Families _ CY were then uſed 


2 cont Fe 


numbers 


. 350 | 
numbers of the fighting men, and of the inbabt ; 
tants of England, during the reign of Elizabeth WE 

and ſuch was the power, wherewith that illuſtrious - 
Queen defended the independence of the nation, | 
and ſpread wide its renown . | 
But, it is the ardour with which a people are 
| inſpired, more than their numbers, that conſtitutes 
their real force. It was the enmity where with tbe 
armada had inſpired England againſt Spain, which 
prompted the Engliſh people, rather than the 
Engliſh court, to aid the baſtard Don Antonio to 
conquer Portugal: and twenty thouſand volunteers 
engaged in this romantic enterprize, under thoſe 
famous leaders Norris and Drake. — An effort, 
which ſhewed the manners of the age more than 
its e e ended in diſappointment, as 
8 The ks number of * communicants add 
Sans, i in each dioceſe and pariſh of England, was certified to 


the Privy Council, by the Biſhops, in * ys | 
Brit. Muſ. No. 280. ; 


And the number of communicants was 8 
Of recuſants N 624%: "6-2 4 — bees | 
; | $74 . * - res . 
| By the 33d Elie. chats 1. all perſons upwards of ſixteen years 
of age were required to go to church, under the penalty of 
twenty pounds. If che 2,065, 498 contained all the perſons, | 
both male and female, who were thus required to frequent 
the church, this number would correſpond very well with the 
fighting men lately ſtated ; and ſhew the people of England 
and Wales to have been between four and five millions, du- 


ring Elizabeth's reign, though approactung 1 nearer to the hs 
number than the rt. 45 


| 

| (' | 

| mig habe been foreſeen, if enhſlaſm and res- 
ſon were not always at variance. An alarm be- 


/ 


ing given of an invaſion by the Spaniards, in 
1599, the Queen equipped a fleet, and levied an 
army, in a fortnight, to oppoſe them. Nothing, 
Ve are told, gave foreigners a higher idea of the 
power of England thaw this ſudden armament. 
_ Yet, it is not too much to aſſert, that Lancaſhire 
alone, conſidering i its numerous manufactories and 
extenſive dere wer is now able to make a more 
ſteady exettion®, amidſt modern warfare, _ 129 | 
| whole kingdom in the time of Elizabeth. 4 
The acceſſion of James I. was an event __ 
cious to the proſperity and the populouſaeſs of 
© Great Britain. The tranquillity of the Northern 
1 counties of England, which it had been the ob- 
1 | Je& of ſo many of Elizabeth's laws to ſertle; was 


9 


»The traders of” kiveryodl alot fitted out, at the com- 
choca of the late-war with France, between the 26th of 
Auguſt 1778 and the 17th of April 1779, a hundred and twen- 
| ty privateers, armed each with ten to thirty guns, but moſtly - 
83 , with fourteen: to twenty. From an accurate liſt, containing 
| the name and appointment of each, it appears, that theſe 

Privateers meaſured 30,87 tons, carrying 1,986 guns, and 

| 3, 754 men. The fleet ſent againſt the armads, in 1588, 
maeeaſured 31,985 tons, and was navigated by 15,272 ſeamen. 
And, from the' efforts of a fingle town we may infer, that the 
private ſhips of war formed a greater force, d oring the war of 
the Colonies, than the nation, with all its unanimity and zeal, 
was able to equip under the potent government of Elizabeth. 
There was an enumeration, in 1581, of the ſhipping and ſai- 
lors of England, which amounted to 72,450. tons, and 

14,295 mariners. To this ſtatement, Doctor Campbel adds, 

That the ſeamen of the ſhips regiſtered in the Port of Lon- 
* don, in 1732, were 21,797. [Pol. Survey, vol. i- p. 161.] 
5 | 8 5 5 8 


—— > SS 


* 


A 


(* 


at once «reſtored: and the two-and-twenty years 


muſt have produced the moſt_ſalutary effect on 


the induſtry of the people, though this circum- 


ſtance has 9550 an nnn n on the | 


1 
The various Jain; which were bed Fa this 


Y monarch, for ſuppreſſing the frauds of manufac- 25 


turets, evince at once, that they had increaſed j in 


conſiderable numbers, and muſt have continued 


to increaſe. The acts for reformation of ale- 
houſes, and repreſſing of drunkenneſs, as they 
plainly proceeded from the puritaniſm of the times, 
muſt have promoted ſobriety of manners, and at- 
tention to buſineſs. The act for the relief and 
regulation of perſons infected with the plague 
muſt have had its effect, in preventing the fre- 
quent return of this deſtructive evil. Dameſtic 


induſtry was doubtleſs promoted by the act againſt | 


monopolies : and foreign commerce was aſſuredly 


enſured by the act for confirming. the poſſeſſion 
of copyholders; and ſtill more, by the law for the _ 
general quiet of the ſubject, againſt all pretences 


extended by the law, enabling all perſons to trade 
with Spain, Portugal, and France. But, above 
all, the agricultural intereſts of the nation were 


of dermant claims on the lands, which had de- 
{cended from remote anceſtors to the then poſſeſ- 


ſors. Of this ſalutary law the principle was adopted, 


and its efficacy n by a 7 act of the 


| prevent ne” 


3 A com- 


„ * | 
might have been foreſeen, if enthoſiaſm and rea- 


ſon were not always at variance. An alarm be- 
ing given of an invaſion by the Spaniards, in 
1599, the Queen equipped a fleet, and levied an 


_ ary, in a fortnight, to oppoſe them. Nothing, 
we are told, gave foreigners a higher idea of the 


power of England than this ſudden” armament· 
Yet, it is not too much to aſſert, that Lancaſhire 
alone, conſidering its numerous manufactories and 
2 extenſive'commerce, is now able to make a more 


ſteady exertion®, amidſt modern warfare, _ the 


whole kingdom in the time of Elizabeth. - 


; The accefion of James I. was an event 9 a 


cious to the proſperity and the populouſneſs of 
Great Britain. The tranquillity of the Northern 
counties of England, which it had been the ob- 


| Jet of ſo e of Elizabeth's laws to "In was 


* The eden of pa alot fitted out, at the com- 
mencement of the late war with France, between the 26th of 
Auguſt 1778 and the 15th of April 1779, a hundred and'twen- 


ty privateers, armed each with ten to thirty guns, but moſily, 


with fourteen to twenty. From an accurate liſt, containing 
the name and appointment of each, it appears, that theſe 


privateers meaſured 30,87 tons, carrying 1,986 guns, and 


8,754 men. The fleet ſent againſt the armada, in 1588, 


meaſured 31,985 tons, and was navigated by 15,272 ſeamen. 


And, from the efforts of a fingle town we may infer, that the 

- Private ſhips of war formed a greater force, during the war of 
| the Colonies, than the nation, with all its unanimity and zeal, 

was able to equip under the potent government of Elizabeth. 
There was an enumeration, in 1581, of the ſhipping and ſat- 
lors of England, which amounted to 72,430 tons, and 
14,295 mariners. To this ſtatement, Doctor Campbel ; adds, 

That the ſeamen of the ſhips regiſtered in the Port of Lon- 

don, in 1732, were 21,797. [Pol. Survey, vol. i- p. 161,] 


- 


* 


„ 
at once teſtored: and the two - and- twenty years + 
of uninterrupted peace, during che preſent reign, ' 


muſt have produced the moſt ſalutaty effect on 


the induſtry of the people, though this circum- 


ſtance has 2 oh re e on the 


wei; 
The. \various.:lams: which: were paſſed. Fa this 


5 ——— for ſuppreſſing the frauds of manufac- 


turets, evince at once, that they had increaſed ; in 
conſiderable numbers, and muſt have continued 
to increaſe. | The acts for reformation of ale- 
houſes, and repreſſing of drunkenneſs, as they 
plainly proceeded from the putitaniſm of the times, 
muſt have promoted ſobriety of manners, and at- 
tention to buſineſs. The act for the relief and 
regulation of perſons infected with the plague 
muſt have had its effect, in preventing the fre- 
quent return of this "deſtructive evil. Domeſtic 
induſtry was doubtleſs promoted by the act againſt | 


monopolies: and foreign commerce was aſſuredly 


extended by the law, enabling all perſons to trade 


with Spain, Portugal, and France. But, above 
all, the agricultural” intereſts of the nation were 


enſured by the act for confirming: the »poſſeflion = 
of copyholders; and ſtill more, by the law for the _ 
general quiet of the ſubject, againſt all pretences 


of dermant claims on the lands, which had de- 
ſcended from remote anceſtors to the then poſſeſ- 
ſors. Of this ſalutary law the principle was adopted, 
and its efficacy — by a i: or act of the 
Logs og * 
5 e A com- 


1 38 5 


2 compariſon of the laws, which were l 


* the parliaments of Elizabeth and of James, 


would leave a decided preference to the parlia- 


mentary leaders of the laſt period, both in wiſ- 


dom and in patriotiſm.” The private acts of par- 


liament, in Elizabeth's time, were made chiefly to 


reſtore ibe blood of thoſe, who had been attainted 
by her predeceſſors: the private acts of James 


were almoſt all made for naturalizing Ae 
One of the laſt parliamentary grants of this reign 


Was J. 18, oo0 for the reparation of decaying cities 


and towns, though it is not now . to tell _ 
ny money was actually applied. 1 15 
Elizabeth had begun the a e of giving 


| eee to the builders of ſuch ſhips as carried 


ene hundred tons. James I. merits the praiſe of 
giving large ſums for the encouragement of this 
moſt important manufacture. And while Charles 1. 


patronized every ornamental art, he gave from a 
very ſcanty revenue a bounty of five ſhillings the 


ton for every veſſel of the burthen of tue hun- 
dred tons. Theſe notices enable us to trace the 
ſize of our merchant· nips through a very active 


century of years. The miniſters of Elizabeth had 


conſidered a veſſel of one hundred tons as ſuffi · 
cient for the purpoſes of an inconſiderable com- 


merce: the adviſers of Charles I. were not ſatis- 
-fied with ſo ſmall a ſize. It was to this wiſe po- 


licy, that the trading ſhips of England were em- 


ployed, ere long, in protecting her rights, and 


eren in extending ber err. e eee 
$31 0 OE 8 | +: They 


» 


— 


6 
The act which, in 1623, reduced the intereſt of 
money to eight per cent. from ten, ſhews ſuffi- 
ciently, even againſt the preamble, that complains 
of decline, how much the nation had proſpered, - 
and was then advancing to a higher ſtate of im- 
provement. Such laws can never be ſafely en- 
'afted till all parties, the lenders as well as the 
borrowers, are properly prepared to receive them. 
The chearfulneſs of honeſt Stowe led him to ſee, 
and to repreſent, the ſtate of England, during the 
reign of James, as it really was. He ſays, as 
Camden had ſaid before him in 1580, that it 
would in time be incredible, were there not due 
mention made of it, what great increaſe there is, 
within theſe few years, of commerce and wealth 
throughout the kingdom; of the great building 
of royal and mercantile ſhips 3 of the repeopling of 
cities, towns, and villages; beſide the ſuddep aug- 
mentation of fair and coſtly buildings. The great 
meaſure of the preſent reign, which was produc- 
tive of effects, laſting and unhappy, was the (ettle- 0 
ment of colonies beyond the Atlantic. 
Lord Clarendon exhibits a picture equally flat- 
tering, of the condition of England, during the 
peaceful years of Charles I. And the repreſenta- 
tion of this great hiſtorian is altogether conſiſtent 
with probability and experience. The vigorous ſpi- 
. Tit, which Elizabeth had bequeathed to her people, 
continued to operate, long after ſhe had ceaſed to. 
delight them by her. preſence, or to protect them 
by her wiſdom. The laws of former legiſlators 
produced ſucceſſively their "oy effects. And it 


24 dbdaught 


/ 


164 


ought to be remembered, that neither diſputes 
among the great, parliamentary altercations, nor 

even civil conteſts, till they proceed the lengten 
of tumult and bloodſhed, ever produce any bad 
conſequences to the inder or comfort of 2 F 
. N 
The civil eee Nn in ahi: 2 pe 

as they were while they continued, both to king 
and people, produced in the end the moſt ſalu- 
tary influences, by bringing the higher 48d lower 
ranks cloſer together, and by continuing in all. a 
vigour af deſign, and activity of acta, that 
in prior ages had no example. 

One of the firſt, conſequences of real boſtiliies 
was the eſtabliſhment of taxes, to which the peo- 
ple had ſeldom contributed, and which produced, 
before the concluſion of warfare, the enormous 
ſam of J. 95,5 12, os. The gallant ſupporters 
of Charles I. gave the ſovereign, whom they 


| Joved amidſt his diſtreſſes, large ſums of money, 


while confiſcations left them any thing to give. 
Here then, were the mines of Potoſi opened in 


England. The opulence, which induſtty had been 


collecting for ages, was now brought into action, 

by the arts of the tax · gatherer: and the country- 
gentlemen, who had long complained of a ſcarcity 
* money, contributed greatly, by unlocking their 


. Stevens 5 Hit. of Taxes, p. 296. But Stevens includes 
| the ſales of confiſcated lands, compoſitioris'for eftates, and 
ſuch other more oppreſlive'tnodes of raiſing money. There 

were colle&ed; by exci/es only, C. 10,200,000 3 and by tonage 
and poundage . 5,700,000, Ty RON IRE; 
| coffers, 


1 


coffers, to remove the evil; gy e had chem: 
ſelves' created by hoarding. / 31 
One of the Arn en es cd ee denden wht 
al placing of private money in the ſhops of gold» 
ſmiths, for its better ſecurity, and for the advan 
tage of the intereſt, which, at the commenrement 
of banking, was allowed the praprietors. By fa- 
cilitating the ready transfer of property, and the 
ceeaſy payment of private debts, as well as public . 
impoſts, banking may be regarded as the fruicful 
mother of circulation. The collecting of taues, 
and the ſubſequent expenditure, raiſed ere long 


the price of all things. "Owing do thoſe cauſes 1 


chiefly,” the legal intereſt of money was reduced, 
in 1631, to fix per cent. And the reduction of 


intereſt is at once a proof of . 5 
_ a means of future proſperity. | 


' The Reftoration'of Charles II. induced: they 1255 
ple to transfer the energy, which they hat (exerted 
during twenty years hoſtilities, to the various ope- 
rations of peace. The ſeveral manufactories, and 
new productions of huſbandry, that were intro- 
duced from foreign countries, before be Revolu- 
tion formed a new epoch, alone evince a vigorous 
application to che uſeful arts; in the intermedinte 
period. The common highways were iflarged 
and repaired, while turnpikes were placed on the 
great Northern road, in the counties of Hert- 
ford, Huntingdon, and Cambridge. Rivers were 
deepened for the purpoſes of internal conveyance 
by water. The acts of navigation created "Thip- 


ON and ſallors. DH oreign. trade. was in- 
creaſed. 


* 


r 9 o 0 


6 : 
creaſed by opening new markets, and by withdrivis 
ing the alien duties, which had. always obſtructed 

the vent of native manufactures. Thoſe meaſures 
"= alone, that at once made internal communications 
1 eaſy and ſafe, would have. promoted the pape 
5 rity and population of any country; | 
But, above all, the change of manners, and the I 
| em of the higher and middle ranks, by 
marriages, induced the gentry, and even the 
younger branches of the nobility, to bind theit 
ſons apprentices to merchants, and thereby to eno- 
ble a profeſſion, that was before only gainful; to 
invigorate traffic by their greater capitals, and to 
extend its operations by their ſuperior knowledge. 
"Hence Child, Petty, and Davenant agreed in aſ- 
ſerting *, in oppoſition to the party writers of the 
times, ak the commerce and riches of England 
did never; in any former age, encreaſe ſo faſt as in 
the buſy 1 from he en to the ewe. 
lution. e "7 
From the FOTO a we may in- 
fie a conſiderable augmentation of inhabitants, 
the more important to the ſtate, becauſe they were 
»The Board of Trade repreſented in December 1697: 
« We have made inquiry into the ſtate of trade in general, 
from the year 1670 to the preſent time: and from the beſt 
** calculations we can make, by the duties paid at the Cuſtom- 
* houſe, we are of opinion, that trade in general did confi- 
« derably increaſe, from the end of the Dutch war in 1673, to 
ce” 1689, when the late war began.“ Vet, the Board ſeem not 
to, have attended to the 25 Cha. II. ch. 6; which wiſely, 


enacted, That Denizens and liens ſhould, pay no more taxes 
For the native commodities of this kingdom, or for #6 —_ 


| F than ſubjeQs,” N 0 3 
| t e 


T 43 1 
hs maſt induſtrious.” But many emigrated, 7" 


been: ſaid, to the colonies, and many periſhed by 

peſtilence. Yet, the Lord Chief Juſtice Hale in- 

A That mankind hath till increaſed; even to 
* manifeſt. ſenſe, and experience: * and becauſe, 
fays he, this is an aſſertion of fact, it is impoſſible 

to be made out, but by inſtances of fact. If how- 

ever, he adds, we ſhould: inſtitute a compariſon be- 
tween the preſent. time (1670), and the beginning 

of Queen Elizabeth's reign (1558), and compare 
the number of trained ſoldiers then and now, the 

number of ſubſidy men then and now, they will 
eaſily give an account of a very great inereaſe of 

people within this kingdom, even to admiration *. . 

A mere queſtion of fact, with regard to the 

| number of births at any two diſtant periods, may 
| doubtleſs be either nn or en by an 


see Lord Hale's convincing 8 3 in The Origination 
of Mankind confidered, ch. 10. Sir John Dalrymple found, in 
King William's cabinet, a minute account of the number of 
Freebolders 1 in England, which was taken by order of that mo- 


narch, in order to find out the proportion between church- 
men, diſſenters, and papiſts ; and which Sir John has pub- | 
n in the Warn to his Memoirs; 


Con Fen” io Non Con. 'Papilts, 

In Canterbury and York - #4774254 © 108,676 . 13, 856 

Contraſt with theſe the be- K el 09971 
fore-mentioned commus 382 

nicants and recuſants, in ; 
1603 _ 7 


| 2,057,033" 2 . — ; 


This ben after allowing "RI original 5 
cies of both accounts, ſhews a great change in the numbers; in 
; meines. and practice of the people, from 1603 to 1689. 


1.79 appeal 


e 


ion of the gradual increaſe of mantind, than a bun- 


Aa). 
appeal to the pariſh regiſters, which, containing a - 
collection of facts, may be regarded as one of the Fw 
beſt proofs, that the nature of the enquiry admits. 
And the Lord Chief Juſtice Hale remarked of 
them, becauſe he was ſtruck with the force of 
their evidence, That they give a greater demonſtra- 


fred notional. arguments can either evince or confute. 
For, a greater number of births, in any one period 
more than in any other, muſt proceed from a 
greater number of breeders ; which evinces a more 
numerous population. And from an attentiue 
examination of ſuch proofs, Graunt proceededꝰ, 
1662, to ſhew, with greater ability, the e 
-ancreaſe of the people, and to prove how eaſily the 
country could ſupply the capital with numerous 
recruits, without any ſenſible diminutioun. 
Having thus traced a gradual progreſs in popu- 
lation, it is now time to aſcertain the preciſe num- 
bers at the Revolution. And Gregory King, who 
has been praiſed by Davenant for his reſearch and 
his ſcilfulneſs, has left us documents, from which 
ve may form an eſtimate ſufficiently accurate. 
| From an inſpection of the hearth books, and the 


EM. see The Obſervations. on the Bills of Mortality.” Doctor 
8 Price has quoted Tindal, for the fact, That there appeared, by 
the hearth books of 1508 in NE e e 
- — houſes 
Theacknowledged numberin 1690 — 1,300,000 


This, If we may credit Tindal, is ſofficient evidence of a 
rapid increaſe in no long period. Graunt calculated the peo- 
Hs: ch __ 2 an 1662, at 6, 440, 00 perſons. 
aſſeſſments 


- 


*nF 


g affefſinetits on marriages, births, and burials; Kung 
formed calculations of the numbers of families, h 
| houſes, and people; which; according to Dave- 
e were perhaps more to be relied upon, than 

any thing that had been over” done . * __ 
"= " Kind. Oe EY OY 


It had been the lation of the nn age to 


ſtate the numbers of mankimd in every country too 


high: from this period ingenious men were car- 


ried away by a reprehenfible ſelf-fufficiency to cal- 
culate them too low. Of the ftatements of King. 


it was remarked by Sir Robert Harley *, in 1697 
© Theſe aſſeſſments are no good foundation; heads 
eat a medium being (according to the computa- 
© tion) per houſe in London only five: omiſſions 
“ in the country are probably greater than in Lon- 
don, becauſe numbering the people is there more 
* terrible. The polls are inſtances: families of 
4 ſeven of eight perſons, being not numbered at 
above three or four perſons in ſome remote 
- counties.” Yet, by thus calculating 4, in- 
ſtead of 5, in every family, which was ſtill conſi- 
dered as ſynonymous with honſebold, this would 
demonſtrate an increaſe of a million, during the 
foregoing century. 
\  Davenant, by publiſhing only extracts from 
| King's obſervations, and by ſpeaking confuſedly 
of families and bouſes, has done an injury to King, 
and to truth. All will appear conſiſtent and clear, 


6 Harl. 1188. in the Muſeum, Nos 6857—7,001 | 
WW | when 


( 


when this i ingenidus e is allowed to. be. 
for bimſelf. wt 
The number of. houſes i in the FRAKES as 
charged, lays he, in the books of the Hearth Office 
at Lady Day 1690, were, — | 1,319,215: 
But, whereas the chimney money being charged on 
the tenant, or inhabitant, the divided houſes ſtand as 
fo many diſtinct dwellings, in the accounts of the 
ſaid Hearth Office. And whereas the empty houſes, 
ſmith's ſhops, &c. are included in the fall ac- 
count, all which may very well amount to 1 in 
36 or 37, (or near 3 per cent.) which, in the whole, 
may be about 36, ooo houſes 3 it follows, that the 
true number of inhabited houſes is not above + 


f FE 1, 290, oo0; 
— ene we e ſhall tall, in round To, a 
numbers. 15,300, 000 


— 


Having thus adjuſted the number of houſes, we 
come now, continues he, to apportion the number 
of ſouls to each, according to what we have ob- 


ſerved from the faid aſſeſſments on marriages, ; 


births, wy e | 


0 47. ) 
Lankan within the walls: produced rains E 
nt . be bout 
Sixteen pariſhes chaos: full Wo. 3 
| The reſt of the bills of e 11 


moſt 2 Pane t 4B 3 1 5 92 


3 
8 $* 
+ 
e n 


The other cities and market towns. 41 5 
The villages and hamlets - 4 
So, London and. V | 


dhe bills of 1. sd Eee. | Souls,” 
e e houſes. W 


_ tained _ - = 105,000 , at 457. 479,600 
The cities * „ 
market towns 195,000 4, $38,500 


The villages and _ e 
hamlets 1,000,000 4 4,000,000 


In all 1,300,000 4,9 5,318, 100 


- 


But, conſidering. that the omiſſions in the ſaid 9 


aſſeſſments may well be, „ e EOEERT 
In London and the eee 
bills of morta- Ne 8 
23 10 per cent. or 47,960 ſouls A 
In "I cities and orice. © 


market towns -'- 2 per cent. or 16, 300 
In the villages and . = 
hamlets - 1 per cent. or 40,000 . "= 


VV 


* — — 


. q ; | F It 


— 


ce» 


| It. follows, that the true number of a 
dwelling! in the I 199,000 inbabited 28 ſhould 
be N 5742 2,560. 
| Laſtly; whether the ad of cranfitory. peo- 
2 ple, as ſeamen and ſoldiers, may be accounted 
140,0; whereof nearly one half, or 60,000, 
have no place in the ſaid aſſeſſments: and that the 
number of vagrants, as hawkers, pedlars, crate car- 
riers, gipſies, thieves, and beggars, may be rec- 
| koned 30, ooo; whereof, above one half, or 
20, may not be taken notice of in the ſaid aſ- 
ſeſſments, making in all 80,000 perſons : It fol- 
lows, that the whole number of people in Eng- 
land and Wales is much about 5,500,000, viz. 
In London = - __ $30,000 ſouls. 
In the other cities and towns - 870,000 .. 
In the th and hamlets - | . 41100000 | 


ea ou — 


f 4 


In all | 8 . $509,000 
N The number of chaired boo & 
being about 1 1, 300, 0 5 


The number of familie about 1,360,000 E 


The people anſwer at 4% per houſe, and 4 per . 
mily. | 
Thus much from Gregory King's Political Ob- 
fervations . And his ſtatements are doubtleſs ve- 
BF dane and even exact, though we now | know, 


— 


There is a very fair copy of King's Obſervations, in 
MSS, Harl. Brit. Muſ. No. 1,898. 


ATE - * * " | | 
2 * "oY $a 8 9 AN - P rl 
7 Ea "EL Or * 2 A a N 
þ PIES» eee FT Os 
hs 3 RR. 7 5 * * >; 7 * 1 2 * 5 * * j * * 
* —_ 7 * * 4 * 1 * : #4, 4 
% 3 s * L 4 n 74 1 7 
\s Jes Fa Meg $ Ct 
, * 6 * 1375 — * 
* 'S : * At 
2 . A 
1 [ 
; $ * 2 
my 25 2 0 
— 4 68 © 
2 > 
2 2 
SIDE + 


5 
tin the nümber of dwellers, which he allowed 10 
| every houſe, and to every family, Was a good deal , . 
uncher the truth, as araber ee at the ne 8 
ſuſpected. et 07 JC Ä 8 
Subſequent quiocrs khan: e PA 


ail the inhabitants of various villages, towns, and A 
Cities, inſtead of relying'on the defective returns of - 


-  raxagatherers Doctor Price is now diſpoſed to auß. 
mit, from the enumerations which he had ſeen, that 
. | five perfons andi a ſixth, reſide in every houſe*. Nr. 5 
HFoviet, from a ſtill greater number of enumeras? —— 
tions, infiſts + for five and two- fifths. It will alaſt 5 93 


235 


be found, perhaps n chat five and two fifths ache - 

Ji An $0 Ref min et with [81-9 my. 1 T8 _ 
oS asse Payments, v. ii. p- 288. hat : 165 : 5 1 

"SM Examination of Price, p. 14. = 2743 An _ 

t la 1973, Dr. Price inſiſted, that there were aur quite fer in - F 

N u (Obſervations on Reverlionaty Payments, 3d ei- ; +3. 

| tion, p. 184+] Ia 1783, the Doctor ſeemed willing to allow * 

. _ fiveone-fixthin every houſe ; But he fill contends, That ik 5 _ "= 

| region the calculation Liverpool, Mancheſter, Birmiag- „ 

? ham, and other populous towns, the number in every houſe , _— 
ought to be boſs than five. ' [Obſervations on Reverſionary Pa: 

| mente, th edit.“ v. ii. p. 288—9.] The Rev. Mr. New... 8 
: " a very accurate enumeration of the pariſh of St. Philip —_ 

and St. Jacob in the city of Briſtol, during the year 178 5 4 2 

and found 1,529 inhabited houſes, and therein 9,850 [ouls. 


Theſe numbers prove, that more than ſix one-third 8 = 


en houſe. And from this enumeration e may infer, Thas . Fs The 3 
in the full inhabited city of Briſtol, fix at leaſt reſide in every,... 3 


Hhouſe. If, in the ſpirit of Doctor Price, we throw out of the. © 5 3 
8 \ calculation all populous places, and ſtudiouſſy collect ſack e | . 3 : 
i decaying tows 2s: een, the proportion to e - - 7 


V3 4 
TY * 1 4 5 
or. | i Mos © F . 
: 4 \ : ; SNL r L 7 
ro Sl 2 * 4 1 4 OS „ As 2 <a 
» » 4_ * 2 3 4 5 ' C 
= ws * * * 12 E <q a 70 ; 2 7 4 54 7 
W kn | * : +. 
” « % A - as? " p * a 5 4 1 
, - , 7 1 * 5 | % . = 
4 # E 1 1 — 
8 1 of 1 "= 
6 : 8 - 4 4 «Fs F — 
: * pt ts : 1 8 60 
21 . - R F * 
*F. : OY * a > * 
= , ** ” *, £5 9 ; * 
: 4 8 
* * 
4 | 
, * 
_ 
- 
* N tes F 
— = *» 4 — 
2 > 2 - 'E ” 
(5 
n E 8 


— - CRE 
WE TOLETY n ng 88 eee 2 KA 


dwöwaleſt number, Which- at an average of he 
w  whole-kingdom, duelle in ener baue. 
= Little doubt can ſurely yow--remain af there | 
WE 75 having been in England and Wales 1, 300. in- 

EE” __ _. habite& hauſes at the Revolution. Were we . | 

muultiphy this number by ue, it would demon- 

3 ion of ſic millions and a half: 
_ +: mere we to multiply by five and two. fftha, r 
i 2. even 1 and one-fifah, this ee, e e 


: 8 » 
© - intelligent men of that day, as the people of this . 

| © _- kingdomat the Revolution. 
But, if we take the loweft number, of ſix _.; 


] 3 5 bog and a half, and compare it with ſive mi ö 
| de higheſt number aſſuredly in 1688, this compa- 
4  _ viſon would evince an increaſe of a million and a 


_—_— half in the ſubſequent century, and nearly four 

1 millions and a half from 1377. Yet, Doctor Price 
regards the er of the Refarmatiop. (1 51 aus - 
2 n of greater population than the pre 


* 


n $4.3 8 ' + 


2 In giving an account of the reign of King Wil- . 
dam, Sir John Dalrymple remarks, Fhat bret | 
| nd _— rog j0 ents. were compleated in fox weeks. . 
— 3h of the times, bur it in a. very. flight evidenc 


OY "overflowing populouſneſs· Want. of employment 
© 2 often ſends recruits to an army, which, in more in- 
. Juſtrious years, would languiſn without hope of 
; i reinforcements... We may learn, indeed, from Sir 


Ma eds as "FRY at Mes 
RRR 
. * 
dene ba Woke; . , 
% . NED 1 1 
fp Sale a 2 
1 4 2 
* 4 
FY 5 - 4 
4 + pd . &, 'F : 1 TE. 7 f 
i >. 1 7 : 1 : l 
* ö a a "i z ; O's ” ? e „ 
0 5 . . e x 
; J * 1 A 
| ing the reign of Charles u. * if have more =, 
\ * „ 3 1 
1 66) le now than in former ages, how came it to e 
. 9 a 8 7 * 
spaſs, that in the times of Henry IV. and V. and. 
K A - 
* pe 


- *-even in prior times, we could raiſe ſuch great a 
e mies, and employ them in foreign wars, and 


| I yer retain a ſufficient number to defend che : 3 
| » ®xkirigdom, and to cultivate our lands at home t 9 


I anſwer firſt,” ſays this judicious writer, * that 1 = 
' * bigneſs of armies is not a certain indication o 
mie numerouſneſs of à nation, but fometimes of * 
e the government and diſtribution of the lands ; i 
vhere the prince and lords are owners of the 8 5 7 'Y 
« whole territory: although the people be thin, 
e the armies upon occaſion may be very great, as 
in Fez and Morocco. Secondly, princes ar- 
. mies in Europe are become more proportion- 
„ e to their purſes, than to the numbers of their 


1 


5 Thus bel it was thought proper to premiſe, 


OR ee to the previous condition and poliey of 
. TW : England, as well as its anterior - populouſneſs--to 
| | The Revolution, when Trrs ESTIMATE begius. 5 


4 
% o 1 8 * 
6 4 3 ” 2 4 7 [ ; Y 4 * * » 
. , ; A * ; ” 2 — 
- . . 1 4 1 ® : N 1 * 1 St a 
* — = 
— * $4 % : # +> 
, - * as 
— „ % «+ * - - : , 
» ** - ö 45 
= 
— XX © ors 
+ - 8 8 
1 
ee 4 . * * 3 * 1 2 a at " . ny: N * Fo pz 
. „ 3 "_ . « « x 7 ” * » al L 4A 1 p " : 2 1 . * ſe % 
1 4 FE * b e 


THEORISTS are not agreed, in reſpect to 1 
* 1005 circumſtances, which form the ſtrength of a 


tions, either actual or comparative. One conſiders 7 


tte power of a people © to conſiſt in their, num- — 
gk bers and wealth.“ Another inſiſts, ** that he = 


on the ciparity, valour, and uüion of the leads 
_ 5 ing characters of the ſtate.” And a third, adopt - 
1 ing partly the ſentiments of both, contends, that 
= _= numbers and riches are highly important, 
and the reſources of war may decide a conteſt 


=. Here other. advantages are. equal; yet the re- 
= ſourees of war, in hands that cannot employ them, 
= . ok 207 little avail, ſince manners are as eſſential | 


1: . 0 „ Aàs either people or wealth)“ 115 
Ĩx. is not the purpoſe of this” Eſtimate to 
_— 05 fancy with uninſtructive deßnitions, or to be- 
1 85 | wilder the judgment: with verbal rages he 
__ "— unmeaning as they are unprofitable. - The glories 
of che war of 1735 have caſt a continued ridicule. 
on en eee Eſtimator of the manners and Prins 
 . - riples of the times. Recent ſtruggles have thrown + 
3 * 5 "Squat ridicule on other calculators of an analogous 
2 pr. And we may find reaſon in the end to 
We . conclude; that the qualities of the mind, either 


W 
A , 
5 a * 7 3 . - '% 
p * 4 * 1 86 ' ant . 
* , : : 4% * 
* A 2 I Y S n iy 


* = 
| N , 
*. ; 
* py 
. 0 
. 5 g 
7 #* ® 
7 | 
. ; 
= 1 ” 
#: 
+. 


+ 6 
Li - 
: ö 
# * "a 
# 3 = 
1 
1 = 
9% | 
* 
9 + * 1 
Wy * 
93 P 
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ws , 
. 2 
. 4 " 
* 


5 


5 * = vigorous or: effeminate,” have undergone no un- 75 
"I rf change, whatever alteration there W | 
2 0 5 zs in the labour of the hands of our people, from 
4 080 5 the 58 of the Revolution t to the preſent | me. 5 
3 - Bur from remark, let us deſcend to m. 
„ 0 =y vte inveſtigations, with regard to the progreſlive © 5 
1 8 "Ne of the people, to the extent of their in- * 
> 7, and to che ſucceffive amount of their traf. 9 
1 fe and accutnblations; be ut reſources aroſe 
then, as they afiſe nom, Arm the land and labour 
_ bf this ale. 17 8 irn bO e NF g 


oy £ 
ta 22 20 4 wn -n £4 * 
nf 6 pol 2 >. I by 
Wane pr 1 l 


15 The inſult offered) 


9 


3 "of, England, by- giving an/afpluin'to/an/abdicited i 
| © - monarch, and by-diſphting abe tige vf n highs | 


| EE” minded people to regulate their own affairs; forced 


King William igto an eight years war with that, 
| | potent country, which he ly hated, and with 
. + _. which+he-ardently wiſhed to quarrel. He hae 

8 refore no inclination co weigh in very ſorupu - 


wos feater the wealth of his ſubjects againſt dee .Y 


Rs ueenter opulence of their rivals, who were in thoſe 
9 -  - days more induſtrious, and were further ad MY 
| nin tte practice of manufabture, and knowledge'of | 
traffic. Yet the deſire of that warlike monarch” 7 
being ſecondled by the zeal of a 0 
+ -  forrces were not chen equal to their braverys be ws 
eenadled to engage in an arduous'difpure for te 
re - moſt honourable end. Happy had hoſtilities ended, _ 
5 s ſoon as the independence of the nation way vin: "I 
dl.cated from inſult. gays! 8 * — 
2 ö We may form a ſufficient judgment of the 
mengen of England at chat ra" from the fol- 
N lowing detail: VV "FEW 20 
ROO number. of eb 1, accordit 


 _  [ealeulation of Gre 


9 


1 batiem by Davenant, Was: 1306,00 pipes 1M 
: fourth of the people formed the men fir" for war, 


"as cited wi "appro-. 


Te” _ whatever may have been the real population 
pgland, during n of King WII T2, 


* 


L; 


- 


* $f 


1 2 45 5 1 4 5 ; 0 
155 enn 1 $609 en 54 4 227 „Az n . n 


1 0 a 

. &3 » #. * > hs ö * 4 4 . 

g 7 ? 3 . ; 
220 23 * 2 44 % ** 4 IS * 12 is 1 22 T "4 > & at * a 
4 > i * — "x, «$I 1 1 
4 2 4 g 1 wt# ; 
I. ” — 53 o - "Fu 7 1 
” - 4 W 0 4 4 ab. 
As. x = . . 7 3 1 

: 5 * N _ & * 


n 


4 


: 
* % 7 
— 
S 2 - 7 
1 
"i * 1. F 
w_ 7 4 y 
wi 2 n o 
Mate RA. 
4 "af xt 
3 * 
2 
3 * 
5 . 
: s $379 
l =} W. 
1 45 
* 1 2 
4 « ” 
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7 * * 
1 
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| v "A = 
5 P 1 * 
| 5 
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- Ws” Th 7 
1 
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© be : : o 
1 * = 
= 
4 
< $ 
: "£20, 
: : 
q 
1 > - * 
% l 1 
li 3 
r 
; 488 
* N 6 
7 
75 * 
3 
* 5 
* c 
OS * 
H £ 
\ 
Z ; 
. 


rok. 


rr. 


. HBP 24>, MW, 


D 
«444 of 
- * B 


1 1 


value of the whale kingdom, according fo 
£-650,000,000* which, forming the capi- 
was no proper ſund for 


S 


* 


Davenant ſtates, from various «onjedures and ca 
tons, the circulating money at 18, 300, 00 Te. 
While there vet 


: 


* See King's Polit. Obſerv. in MSS. Han. Brit, 
No 1,898, 4 | 


* o 
: AR. " 
3283. 58 


+ Gregory King having ſtated the filver coin at eight mil. 
fon and a. half in 1688, and the gold coin at three million, 
Sir Robert Harley thereupon remarked, . That the mint ac- 
- counts would make us believe there im more gold coin than 
. million; but both acconnts together would make a 
good eſtimate. —MSS. Harl. Brit. Muf. 1,898, The circu- 
lating coin may therefore be taken at eleven million and a 
half during King William's reign. It is one of the tenets of 
Doctor Price, to maintain, that we had more coins in circu · 


7 * 7 PI b * * x * 5 5 4 75 ＋ 2 


lation, during thoſe times than at preſent, 


nue than any of his had cyer en- 
N 


15 | DE. 05: 889 1 I ro 7 142 5 7 f 10 bu _ L 
Of this there remained i in the exchequer; on 
the 5th of November, 2688, £:80,138 f; which _ 
little enabled King William either to defray the _ 


1 os of the Revolution, or to prepare for 


169, from the cuſtoms and exciſe, from the 
| nnd from polls, amounted only to £.442494757 5 3 
| of which there were applied towards carrying . 
the wur £4353934634, and to the ſupport of tbe 


* e Ee ru 1.8 56,143 1. 31 | F344 FE oats 4 | | | | ; : 
The average of the annual ſupplies, during te 
vier, Which were raiſed wi difficulty from a di- 


people, amounted only to C. 3, 10g, 30% n i 
ere we: _— form an opinion « f the force 1 2" 


8 chat the ſame en ſim had in thoſee i 


/ days « greater power. OUS NW" 090) FA4 BE 
* | 


= . 
, 2 
. 4 6 

PU, , bs. * - o 7 7 * v4 + ” F l — 7 1 
5 5 k | jo ” << 

4 Pe —— 14 4. * _ , & FS ? %. a - $ * » # * * 

s 6 4 - - 7 . Te 
" F . * 7 * 5 « 
a L 

% * - 
OH» - - . " 7 4 = \ 4 
> — L * * 5 =, L , * * 4 
© 1 . 7 ge" E : 4 8 * 5 — 
0 on -# * *. at ks 4 - : x . 
WA - 

"8 * RY 

2 F — -£ ; Si 

1 For the accurate i Ws 

1A ms | 

- » ftp 
* 


from a tranſcript-of the e 4 William _- = 

| . and'Queen, Anne's reigns,. the public owe an additional ob- —_— 
| ligation, and the compiler a kindneſs, to the liberal commu 

| nication of Mr. Aſtle, 


wt Mr. Aſtle's Tranſcript. 


= 


- 
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HEE. N * ; 
* 412 


N Fa Ln p 
G4 1 ad * 
NN IJ. 


_ 4 of November, 1688, to Lady: hot 


5 2 3 4 of — 
3 toy Ads 46 1} Ire” | 
n 7 | F | 
* 12 „ * 70 
C ao | 
BE er; * 10 a- A |; 


© 
— 
& 
Gy? 


ee (BIRT OD eie 5 


1 Or chis gebt there remained due mi eee, 


Lady-day, 1k „ 100667 FS, 
. ̃˙ u 49 $95) | 


DN 
3 * 
4 


Po 


F n 
* 7395 


3 


Pa 
Ret 


54. 

2 * 

8 © "Ov 5 2. 
mY 


* | En ceding times, while their ee ; | | 
” _ _- was alone ſufficienttoembarraſs a people of greater 85. 


= 1 
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Wee omme 1 | 
+. * 8 3 e 
* 22 44.4 . > + 9% * k \ - 
Bn, e Se NID ky 6 n . 
* 4 = = * N 1 1 


. den ease, 2 © + Direngur' Ely on 


15 # 


F 1 * ge ' " * * U 8 $8 * 1 2 
1 43 F it 1 - 1 * 4 * — FRY, 6 IS ; 5 7 5 — 1 ; 
— 8 > ; ; I — . - "ws +4 
* > _— — = » * * : 
N . 1 2 . 7 : 
« : he A \ 


ho . 
* | 


Rn BY A: ; ITS. 4 
P | „ 
d "Id AUST * yon * 4 2; \ ; — 
* N. 1 2 > a 4 

wp » wy” 4 £ Ss 4 1 * * ; R 


* % : , 


— AA AG . . 2-6.» A IO p<. * 
VE n : at r 
a 2 


bod Py HFS 


| exciſedid not raiſe he coal wal hn lang © 3 4 


VTy af 
. , 3 5 
= 
Y e, * 
5 - 
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* . 4 
5 wars $4.5 EEO 104 woe l 
= * Pp » 1 * "©" — 4 — 
f | * , * * **. 8 * ö 4 . T6 14 „ 
2 5 » 


EE Bo 
and labour of England, which was then ern 25 


„And the cargoes,” wick 
could net, from. their in- 
rableneſs, have filled a migbey void un, bs 
. iel i Wd. 5 be s ö 


9 e eee, e eee 51053 Nh 


N 


tons; which, if we allow them to have been navi- 1 ; 


. gated at the rate of twelve mariners to every tw 1 
ede . 9 

8 . p 7 
M 2501" 224074 *: Ii 3 


hn WI NA Oy Nad N 


n 28 ee 
r F143. F309 9 +0 Vat * 8 2 ; 38 


U * 0 - & +4 
* +423 $0 Co 2424 5 4 
dont © rent a Sy 8 : ; 3 
. «4012108 Sari E 88 Neem «4 218 1 a 24 9 
8 15 * * F \ "> * , Z 
1 Fd 2 - > EA K 
x - ' : 1 


* 
anne 


- 


In - - „ 7 Pg FF fl „ d 7 4 . 
$334 <2; 3% HIST a $27 end 7} een 45) kh. CACRS „ 


—— — — q — AP "9 
4s 


rr 


— ———  —_— 
I» 7 , 4 


— 
** 
1 —— 
— —— wm —⏑r Te Ro - * 
7 = 1 0 "I - : . ? 
* nd 4 ann * A . FA 
- 4 2 p 0 % I +4 9 
* \ A, * % — — — — A - 
2 Is 248 4 U pL * 
„ by 7 4 2 » 


KT IE 
r 


7 1 


2 : of not exerting the natural ſtrength of England in a ſea- 


WITTY 


ABS I. 
TOY 


k 5 as * * * 2 25 * * 5 
2 4 "Say * wy 2 4 f 4 
a i - * — 1 4 * 5 1 
*$ - ; ob” _ ” * al © & 
: 1 1 < * 


The 'following"ſtatement wild give us idens ſuf. N 
ficiently accurate of the progreſſive'foree of che W 
woe gert r ONS es 


C 


Wbich in 2660 curred. 3 Mo e 


iis 4 


IIs . * 


4&4 e 


— 24 


"ks An 1678 N 69, 81 30951 3 


In 1688 101, 032 3 
II 1699 112,40 45,000 
i e prer——_ , {+ emi 

Such, then, was Laut naval force that, duzing 
the(hoſtilities of William, could be ſent into the - 
line. againſt the potent navy of France, Which, in 
one buſy reign, had been created, and raiſed to 
greatneſß. It vas found almoſt impoſũble to man 
che fleet, though the admiralty were-empowered. 
by Parliament to lay ſtriet embargoes on the ery 
chants ſhips *. And this alone ought to give u 
a leſſon of what importance it is to the ſtate to 
augment the natiye race of benen and ſailors. 
by every poſiible Wan e bo onpoirg hs ther” ; 


- 
2 , 11 — 5 0 

7 * 4 6 * # : 4 8 4 < Md 
wk . ' * 5 6 48 3 1 * q X Fer 1 

* Gt. nt ww 44 2 l , — \ 4 1 * >» * i 

7 
— - 0 at 

* * * * ww #0 | * at; o ** — 


* Sir, 4 Dalrymple has publiſhed a a — anette 
p- 242.] in order to juſtify Kipg William from the charge 


war againſt France, after the battle of La Hogue ;” which 5 
proves, that his miniſters thought it impoſlible to increaſe the | 
8 as not having ſhips enough, nor men, unleſs. we | 


ſtop even the craft-trade.” There are a variety of documents 


in the Plantation-office, which demonſtrate the ſame. poſition. 
| And-ſee the following comparative view of the fleets of France 
pad England i in 1603. 


The en of England, „ 


> the Revolution, aroſe from the practice f 


hoarding in times of diſtruſt, which prevented eit: 
culation; from the diſorders of the coin, that 
augmented the former evil, while the government 


iſſued tallies of wood for the ſupplying of ſpecie z 
from the inability of the people to pay "raxes, 
while they could find no circulating value, either 


for their labour or property: add to theſe, the 
turbulence of the lower orders, and the treac 
of the great. And above all, if we may believe 


the miniſters of William “, Nobody knew ans daß 
Commons <vould. do the next. 


what. Houſe: 


it is now time to enquire into the loſſes of our 


trade, during 


* * * 
o _— EE! 


E <4 


* s 
* 4 


* 


+. * 
18 


e _ 
o 


8 * 
ass 


8 — war. A more con- 


* 


The following * Compatiſon of the French and Enfiith fleets in 699; ferme! 
from lifts brought into the Houſe of Commons by Secretary Trenchard,” 
Will ew how nearly equal they were, in force, even ern to. th vje+, } ; 


tory of La Hogue, 


No. 15898. 51 


40 to $0 guns 3 


fm year.” 


you, 
27 
3 


8. > 231 


14 7 „ 8. 


32. 14. 
11 


. - 99 
5 


— — 


In Build- 
Ire Toulon Total: being ing; Total.” 
88 ga. Jn" + 


5 ere p. 24 


7" * 
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— 
— 
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= 
uh - 
"$8 ia G wed. x 
4 8 4 TY C — * 
n er 


* 
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* * 1 
: "4 * = Ow 
£ - * : » -& 
4 - 6& %þ \ * 
He BY 2 * 12 


— 
* 
od 
* 
* 
< 
CS 
* 5 7 
. 
wu” * * 8 
_ — 
2 N p "i 


[Bibl. Harley, Brit. Muſeatas = 


= 2 
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5 
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— 9 ts fe Or I YL TE DO Ou" 


managers of has | 
loſſes. : An enamination of the 
wilbevincethis'metancholyituths 1 
6917-0 gw ww ela? 30 „de er on 


2 8 
306 


— —_— — 


. 
— — . —˙*˙/ÿ eee eee EEE 
* 4 , — 3 of » 


0,” 40-2 WA er er 


_— — — 


18 


— 


| | ' Le 3 
12 5 loſs 54780 | _ r J e 
[Sens SAP — EET 


BE ann 10 


— 


— 


——x Be. TAE PEDIATR Ie RI 


8 debe. he = Ds 


en ie Ck — 2997. 8,67% 
Fa r ual 7 aides. ee 
Dr. Davenunt wok u differen way”to goto. the 
- fame point, becauſe he had not acceſs to a. 
Having ſtated the yearly amount..of the cuf 


eftom 1688 ro" nclufive,. re from the 

_ anoval, defalcatichs: 89 that it appears ſuffi- 5 
85 ciently; that in-general, ace this war, our trade 
«is very much 'dimin niſhed, as by = 'medigm/ 


+ — — — 


= . 
VN” OIICICES 


a. 4 
234 2 * 


— 5 ad 
4% — 


= 

= 

i / al 

. 

1 
| . 
1 
ot 
' N 


0 


* ſeven years. the cu ins. ate leſſened about 
+ GL 1 383707: 75. 4 year:“ 5 : Fer 
- complained of the breaches. of the. Ad of Novigh 
tion, during | 
wary” ſo rhar firangers fem to fave beaten v 


-Altle's Trankerptac * 


— K — es 


— 
＋ 


"C84 WS 
—— ä — - 


* 
— 


N 


van „%„„%V 


— . Re — —— 


r 


+ wed” 


r 


23 * 


"+ 


©." 4 o 4 » 
n 
F 3 
W * 
at 4 ode. 2s, 


fo 


2 7 


\ oy 74 { ger As. wt, * = * | FT EI „ F 1 . Fe 28.908 ; : TIL 1 1 7 
* 4 | 0 . 2 + 4 A . oy 82 91H * 4 4 f 5 ; T 8 Fo C a Ww : Do. ; : | - ** 1 ET £ 1 7 > 2 8 > > 5 9 
CV Total 3 
; 4 2 g 0 „ * * \ WA e 8 1 Zu. i ,F 0 THT | 2 . 5% +0 2 
90 he 7 i 5 „ — 
During the year 1695® * 2 4 — 83,38 — 149, 626 2 
8 * > TER = * 9 
nx 6 ii 33 Mer FR, . .. —— 
1 8 r 1 \ 48, 6 n Rs 1 
. n 1 „ 
2 It would be injurious to conceal, that the ſawe 
Fu SS 4 2 
. 2 11 5 — 
able author, who ſeems, ho to have ſome- 1 


9 . times compl ine d without a cavſe, acknow] ged, 3 5 "Ie 3 : 
That perhaps no care nor wiſdom in the world 5 
© < could have fully protected 77 n durin _ this Mk 
__ "Auſt wat with France,” . 1" 7 cle I 


- vii — ae „ * 1 + ©.» 


attentive examination of the er of our 
ſhips cleared outwards, and of the cargoes 

_edin.them, Will convince every candid mind, 5 
in every war there is a poĩnt of reffion in 22 28 


as there is in all things, & which it does not 


decline; and from w h. hy ir gradually riſes beyond 1 


43 ”, : * "WT" * : 4 AL , ' 
oP +. * iy 5 . | + 2 F 
y 4 uy — — # 5 * £- F 


2 If with the year mentioned by Davenant, we contraſt the 

.. following years, we ſhall ſee an aſtonithing-increaſe of the na- 

vigetibn and commerce of 1 , Thus, thers were entered 
DT es ia res es 


— 


* 4 
% 


. . : * 
> = 33 oF * 1 1 $ x 
$19 þ 5 N * vg > 1 n * &: 41 r 3 EN. l 41 


N 147 
; g - *. * ns 
. 1 h 8 Total. 
18 2 x Pi; 9: St FLEE "Vs? A % * 


"0 8 . 25 3 
In 1710 oy 70% = — 110,195. ** 
K * 2 * i 
48 4 * bes 1879122 | — - — 198,90 

10 £4 © 83 I ”_ 5 3 5 ; , 
58867 1 n 
„„ 8 — ies — ile — 335,4 


N un. 1 2 N 25> 
8 83 — 2777097 — 169,170 N 96 5 


aan Jo Jog 2 _ 372.75 Fas e 464, 8186 * os 


3 e Y \ - - 
r 9 9 1 
5 . x * LA, 42 * Ks 


5 


a 3 1 
«4 of FE 7 K 


„ 


* the extent of its former greatneſs, ual it 
- with additional checks. And the year 16 
marked, dr the loweſt ſtate to which the 


F 5 ” 4 | l $ * 8 N 
18 * 1 4 * 7% 4 . 
— 


© be following wth from- the Plantation-office, will > 
ire the reader u fill clearer view of the navigation of Rng- | 
an, n the embarraſſments e var. 


* 
4 


2 2 i: 00 7 * 
6s 85 44912 = 980 ak. . Pra: — 2175387 
; Outports, 2226 227 — 101928 || 32,616 = 25876 = 60,492, 


Total, 118688 — 206,598 || 69516 108,751 = 5 


— 


"es 5 Balance of Trode, 28,611 


* #1 


3 FR 41,500 - 81,148 ll 599472 = Caine — 236972. 
'TOutports, 33-408 = = 28,224 =, 61,632 [| 35,158 — 28,910 — p+ * 
i —— —— ae — — — 
Total, 7,056 = 69,724 = 142,780 94,030 = 105,410 - 200,040 
. — — — — — — 


. pcs oe 75 $57,260 
— 


Of the foregoing detail it ought to be obſerved, that it 
does not appear in the Plantation-office altogether in this 
ſorm: the number of ſhips, Engliſh and foreign, entered ei- 
- -qher i in London or the outports, is only ſpecified, and the 
average tonnage of each thus particularly given : the*Engliſh 
ſhips in the port of London were eſtimated at 112 tons each ; 
. the foreign at 125 tons each: the Engliſh ſhips. at the out- 
ports at 72 each; the ſoreign at 98 tons each. Whence 
the editor was enabled, by an eaſy calculation, to lay before 
. the public a more preciſe account of the commerce of Eng- 
nd. during the war r of nnn than has yet been 


hoſſilities 


4 by immenſe capicals, and inſpired. by a happy kill __ 
ence, may be aptly compared to a ſpring 5 2 1 

| of mighty powers, which always exerts its force.in 
hy proportion to the weight of its compreſſion ; and 3 3 3 
* - which never fails to rebound with augmented "i 


+. 


energy, when the te is xemaved; by. the re. 
4 Ig turn of PEACE. It is nevertheleſs a fact ,cqually | | A 
true, that however the ceſfation of war mag give 
. tech ardour to our induſtrious claſſes at hame, e 
enable our merchants to export cargoes, of = 


Fx extent; yet, there are never wanting wri- | 

.  rers, who, during this proſperous moment, come «+ 
g of the decline of our manufactories, and 1 
©... ._ rvin of our trade. It is propoſed to illuſtrate both .._  _ 
_ "theſe facts, in the following ſheets; becauſe, from 1 
the illuſtration we may derive both intelligeper — 


8 * us then attend to the following — $a" : 
STR e DIR caring geen cope 1 


Peace of Ryf- Tons Eng- De foreign. Tot. . = 
a 1697 f 1449264 - 100,524 = 2449788 - ee = 


A ? - : 


'I . 22 * * 4 hs 4 2 
—_—_" 9 4 1 2 «2 ' 
” 5 1 


es, 293,703 43,623 357,326 6.789.881 o 07 _ 
- Jo. 27 85 $42 EROS eee x 


; 8 N 1 * 1 


? + I'S * s 45 * e * 3 


— "In addition to this ſatisfactory derail, 7 e 1 1 

| © Gder the revenue of the polt-office, which, -ſhow- _ 3 
ing che extent of correſpondence at different 4 * A» 
* OR MN Ed Heat ſtiü'ods, 1 


_ 


e | | x, antagoniſt of Polexfen, ſtunned every coffee -houſe 


„„ 


y <= N 9 
1 — -- SA : 1 9 ON —_ 1 * — _ * y Aw TRY * — 
. — A wthownins noon nom penny, > Oe ee —— —— —ä—̃ — — — <A oO AA At Bi nn ee Ä — 2 = G ———*-* 1 5" ad. 47 r — 
— - — — = - — — — =_ — 
. * 1 — ——U— — 
; . ” 8 2 — * » - 
* —— p — — — pry _—_ Br oy — we 2 —. a 1 1 — In — 5 
s 7 1 * * 5 1 8 þ4 - - * 3 

þ 3 7 _— > 10 4 - a „ 3 w 4.4 * 5 * 8 

1 ” & - . =" _ 3 * 5 , 

* q N — 7 : : *; 2 , l oh 4 , * - 0 fl : ; 
x — 9 4 8 - - * . : 
5 4+ * 0 1 * 2 6 5 ” ” * - 
x 0 " 3 4 x Ll 5 
: . ; WF — * 04 
\ bs s N - - # 1 
- p - * 5 — * 
* 0 Y - * 4 . 4. * i 
» 
, , 4 ; 
„ * A oP 
p * 
* 4 . . 
: 1 . 5 a — 
. ? 4 4 3 
5 o 
” oy * 5 
* p , 8 
% . 
, * 
R : : L 
* 4 * 
- 7 o 
A Fe 
” 


wet, 
_— 
- - 


2 n 


4 


r 
ain. oaths x Me LT 


riods, furniſhes no "bags pie of the'progtels of. 
commerce. The nett income of the poſts, accordꝰ 
ing to an ws of the ener Lev of King Wil. 8 
liam's wars 4. 67,242 2 
D* of the four years of: eber a 35 


N 17 3+ TE $5 . 1 03 nn "- 
i om Sf DORBE I IA 20 0 6 82 319 4 
” f 5 4 
0 « 5 1 2 F x* 
* tie in r 53 * | Fd 
35 Re N 4 1121 LL 1101.51 03 * 172. 1 —— ; 7 9 
oe * 4 


bk Vet, amidſt all 1 is proſpe erity, Tele, er of” 

| the Board of Trade; Publiſhed' a iſcourſe , in 1697," 

in order to ſhew, „That, ſo great had been the les | 

of a ſeven years war, If 4 great ſtock be C_—_ 7 
neceſſary to carry on a great trade, We may reaſon - 
ably conclude the ſtock of this nation is ſo diminiſh- 

ed, it will fall ſhort; and that, without deb : - 

and induſtry, we ſhall rather conſume what is left, 

than recover what we have loft.” Davenant, the 3 


at the ſame time with his declamations on the de- I 
cay of commerce. It will be a great matter for © 
© the preſent,” ſays- he 1. if We can recover tljle F 
< ground our trade has loſt during the laſt war. 
But we have ſeen,” that we had already gained /u- 
perior ground at the preciſe moment wherein he 

in this manner, lamented our recent loſſes both t 

; ſhipping and trade. So different are the deduc- 

tions of. theory from the informations of expe- + 
rience, that temporary ö are e conſtantiy 5 


* Mr. Aſtle's Tranſcript, . + Diſcourſe on Trade, 
Coin, and Paper Credits | = Diſcourſe on Trade, 1698. 1 f os 4 


ES e | miſtaken + 


483. 


_ miſtaken for hs of habitual decline. And 


our commercial writers, "owing to this cauſe, are 


full of well-meaning falſehood, while they ! ſome⸗ 


times propagate purpoſed deception. 1 
The Revolution may juſtly be regarded as an 
event in our annals, the moſt memorable and in- 


tereſting ; becauſe” its effects have been the hap- 


pieſt, in reſpect to the ſecurity, the comfort, and . 

of the people. Let, it has for ſome 
yeurt Bet zaſiſted, with a plauſibility, which pre- 
dlodes the charge of intended paradox, that every 
cadſe of depopulation—z' devouring capital, "the 
waſte of wars, the drain of landing armies, emigra- 
Hons to'the colonies; the engreſſinꝑ of farms; the incloſing 


IP of commans, the bigh price of proviſions, and unbounded 


- Iaxury—all have concurred, fince that fortunate 


4 


Era, to diſpeople the nation; the numbers of which, 


it is pretended, have decreaſed a million e 
Half, and ſtill continue to decreaſe. 


In oppoſition to ſuch controvertiſts it is 10 


ficient to argue, That, having traced a gradual 


advance in population, during ſix centuries of 
political diſtraction and domeſtic miſery, and 


proved an addition of almoſt five millions to the 


original ſtock, in 1066, notwithſtanding waſteful 


wars, deſolating famines, and habitual, debility ; 5 


ve ought thence to infer, that the poſition of a de- 
- creaſing populouſneſs, during a period the moſt free, __ 


at leaſt, by a mode of induction equal to them in 


and proſperous, and happy, can alone be main- 


tained, by the deciſive proof of enumerations, or 


F the 


- * 1 f . 
: ; : , 
2 VEN YES 
f N 
: * * 


N 1 
the ad its inference.” ana 3 wha; 
to continue a brief review of the principal occut- 
rences in our hiſtory, ſince the year 1688,. that 
could have either carried on the former progreſs 
of our population, or have nn e 
decline. 1 a | 
The Revolution aid not indeed ack med 
nl alteration in the forms of the conſtitution, as it 
changed the maxims of adminiſtration; which 
have every where ſo great an influence on the 
condition of the governed. Vet, from thence a new 
Sta is ſaid to have commenced, in which the 
bounds of prerogative and liberty have been bet- 
ter defined, the principles of government more 
thoroughly examined and underſtood, and the 
rights of the ſubject more explicitly guarded hy 
legal proviſions, than in any other period of the 
Engliſh hiftory. One article alone, in the Decla · 
ration of Rights, was worth, on account of the 
conſolation which it adminiftered to the lower or- 
ders, the whole expence of the enſuing war: 
« That exceſſive bail ſhall not be required, or 
exceſſive fines be impoſed, or cruel and unuſual 
puniſhments. be inflicted, ”. Philoſophers have 
juſtly remarked, that ſeverity of chaſtiſement has 
as natural a tendency to debaſe mankind, as mild- 
neſs to elevate them. It was not ſo much from 
the declaration, bat -#he levying money without 
conſept of Parliament is unlawful, that private 


0 "ns: Com. vol. i. p. 213. 


8 


— 


ELLE 
property was ſeeured, as from the) impartial ed- 
miniſtration of juſtice, which has regularly. lowed © 


from the independence of the Judges. 
ſon * did not forget to give a brief view of the 
eftabliſhment of that free conſtitution, as. it did 

certainly contribute greatly, in its conſequences, to 
the advancement of our induſtry, manufactures, 
commerce, and ſhipping, as well as of our riches 
and people, 1 ſeveral ee and 2 
bloody wars.” 

The hearth-money was . aſe ws away z 
being a great oppreſſion (ſay the Parliament) 
of the poorer ſort, and a badge of ſlavery upon 
the whole.” During the ſame ſeſſion, the firſt 
bounty was given on the exportation of corn: 
How much,“ ſays that laborious writer, this 
bounty has contributed to the improvement of 
huſbandry, is too obvious to be diſputed:“ and 
accordingly, the year 1699 has been noticed as 
the epoch of the laſt great dearth of corn in Eng- 
land. A flouriſhing agriculture muſt have neceſ- 
farily promoted populouſneſs in two reſpects; by 
offering encouragement to labour; by furniſhing 
a ſupply of proviſions at once conſtant and eheap, 
which were both extremely irregular in former 
times. The act of toleration, which was at the 
ſame time paſſed, by © giving eaſe to ſcrupulous 
conſciences,“ rended to promote our induftry and 
traffic, and conſequently the progreſs of popula- 


* Chron. Ace. of Com. vol, it. p. 189==95. 
14 F 2 f tion: 


Ander- 


x 1 8 
4 (SN $$ 80; 5 4 
, 1 
˖ \\ 
o i 5 
1 * L 4 1 1 
Y 1 3 
4 1 182 


tion: for, we may learn of Sir Joſiah Child 
how many people had been driven out of Eng- 
land, from the riſe of the Puritans in the _ of 
SRO, to the bleſſed æra of toleration. 
On the other hang, it, has been already ſhewn 
how much the eight-years war, which grew out 
of the Revolution, diſtreſſed the foreign trade of 
England. As King William employed chiefly the 
troops of other nations; as the profligate and the 
idle principally recruited the army; as humanity 
now ſoftened the rigours of war; it may be juſt- 
1y doubted, if we loſt a greater number by the mi- 
ſeries of the camp, than were acquired by the ar- 
rival of refugees, who ſought ſecurity in Eng- 
land. And of this opinion was Doctor Dave- 
nant *, who was no unconcerned ſpectator of thoſe 
eventful times. Yet, it is a known fact, that the 
taxes, which were ſucceſſively impoſed, did not 
produce in proportion to their augmentations. 
And if we attribute this unfavourable circum- 
| Nance to the inability and preſſures of the people, 
more than to the novelty of contributions, to the 
enmity of many againſt the new government, and 
to the diſorders of the coin, we ought undoubted- 
ly to infer, that the impoſition of additional bur- 
dens neceſſarily Roper the progreſs of num- 
bers. 
Nevertheleſs, internal traffic flouriſhed in * 
mean time. In 1689, the manufactures of cop- 


Wp. 6% © 


per 


« 6g ) 

5 per and braſs were revived, rather than intro: 
duced. The Sword - blade . which ſet- 
tled in Yorkſhire, * brought * over foreign work- 
men,” The French refugees improved the fa- 
brics of paper and of filk, eſpecially the lute- 
ſtrings and alamodes; which were ſo much encou- 
raged by Parliament, that the weavers, being 
greatly increaſed in numbers, as well as in inſo- 
lence, before the year 1697, raiſed a tumult in 
London againſt the wearers of Eaſt India manu- 
factures +. The eſtabliſhment of the Bank of 
England in 1694, by facilitating public and pri- 
vate circulation, produced all the ſalutary effects, 
that were originally foretold, becauſe it has been 
conſtantly managed with a prudence, integrity, 
and caution beyond example. By giving encou- 
ragement to fiſheries, in 1695, a hardy race muſt 
have been greatly multiplied z and by encouraging, 
in 1696, the making of linens, ſubſiſtence was 
given to the young and the old. 

The concluſion of every lengthened war de: 
prives. many men of ſupport, who are therefore 
. obliged to re-enter once more into the competitions 
of the world. Yet, Doctor Davenant ꝓ aſſured the 
Marquis of Normanby, in 1699, that we really 
want people and hands to carry on the woollen and 
linen manufactories together. . the 


And. Chron, Acc. of Com. vol. ii. p. 192. £ 
+ Id. p. 220. 1 Eſſay on Eaſt India Trade, p. 46. 


F 3 | truth 


TY 


5 truth of an aſſertion, of which indeed thers i is no 


reaſon to doubt, the obſervation is altogether con- 
ſiſtent with facts and with principles. In leſs than 
two years from the peace of Ryſwick, the diſ- 


banded idlers had been all engaged in the manu- 


| factories, which we have ſeen eſtabliſhed, and in 


the foreign traffic, that has been ſhewn to have 


flouriſhed ſo greatly from this epoch to the de- 


miſe of King William. Now, what does the poſi- 
tion of Davenant prove, more than that uncochthon 
demand never fails to produce remarkable ſcar- 
city, till a ſufficient ſupply. has been found? And 
Sir Joſiah Child was therefore induced, a hundred 
years ago, to lay it down as a maxim; Such as 
our employment is for people, ſo many will our people 
be, Were we now to compare the circumſtance 


/ 


mentioned by Sir John Dalrymple, of the raiſing 


of three-and-twenty regiments in fix weeks, du- 
ring the year 1689, with the fact ſtared by Doc- 


tor Davenant, of the ſcarcity of hands” in 1699, 
we ought to infer, that an alteration of manners, 


owing to whatever cauſe, had in the mean time 


taken place; and that the lower orders of men had 


learned from experience, to prefer the gainful em- 
ployments of peace to the leſs profitable and more 
een adventures of war. 


Yet, admitting that the moral cauſes „ | 


mentioned had naturally produced an augmenta- 
tion of numbers, during the reign of William, we 
ought here to remark, that the people who chiefly 
| ſhared 


1 Cu „ 
ſhared in the felicities, or were incommoded by 
the factions of thoſe times, muſt have drawn 
their firſt breath prior to the Revolution: the 
middle-aged, and the old, who enacted the laws, 
and as miniſters or magiſtrates carried them into 
execution, muſt have been born, during the diſ- 
tractions of the civil wars, or amid the conteſts 
of the adminiſtration of Charles I.: and the gal- 
lant youth, who fought by the fide of that warlike 
monarch, muſt have firſt ſeen the mn ſoon wine 
the Reſtoration. 

But, it ought here-to be dated, as a circum- 
ſtance, which may be ſuppoſed to have checked 
the progreſs. of population, that there had been 
actually raiſed, though with ſome difficulty, on 
nearly ſeven millions of people, in - thirteen 
years ([ 58,698,688. 195. 8d. 
If we average this ſum by the number of 


years, we ſhall gain a pretty exact idea of King 


William's annual income += „. 15415, 3604 
And if from this we deduct King 
James's revenue - = - 2.061856 


The balance, of = = = - 2,453,504, 
will ſhew how much more the people were bur- 
dened in the latter, than in the former reign. -. 

It. has nevertheleſs been ſhewn, that manufac- 


« Mr . Alle“ Tranſcript. 


Fi NS; tures 


(72) | 
tures flouriſhed in the mean time; that there was 
a great demand for labour; that the foreign traf - 
fic and navigation of England doubled, from the 
peace of Ryſwick to the acceſſion of Queen Anne. 
For, the re- coinage of the ſilver mean time pro- 
duced an exhilarating effect on induſtry, in the 

ſame proportion as the debaſement of the current 
coin is always diſadvantageous to the lower or- 
ders, and diſhonourable to the ſtate. The revi- 
val of public credit, after the peace of Ryſwick, 
and the riſing of the notes of the Bank of Eng- 
land to par, ſtrengthened private confidence, at 
the ſame time that theſe cauſes invigorated our 
manufactures and our trade. And the ſpirit of 
1 population was ſtill more animated by the many 
acts of naturalization, which were readily paſſ- 
ed, during every ſeſſion, in the reign of Wil- 
| | liam; and which clearly evince, how many in- 
dauſtrious foreigners found ſhelter in England, 
from the perſecution of countries, leſs tolerant 
and free. 


A NEW war, ſtill more bloody and glorious than 
the former, enſued on the acceſſion of Queen Anne. 
All Europe either hated the 1mperiouſneſs, - or 
dreaded at length the power, of Lewis XIV. But 
it was his © owning and declaring the pretended 
prince of Wales to be king of England, Scotland, 


and 


1 


and | Ireland, » which was the avowed cauſe of the 
hoſtilities of Great-Britain againſt France; though 
private motives have generally more influence than 
public pretences. When her treaſurer ſat down 
to calculate the coſt, he found reſources in his 
own prudence. Her general ſaw armies and alli- 
ances riſe out of his own genius for war and nego- 
tiation. And both eſtimated right, ſince a favour- 
able change had gradually taken place in the 
| ſpirit, as well as in the abilities of the people. 
If we inquire more minutely into the national 
ſtrength, we ſhall find, that England and Wales now 
contained about - » 1,700,000 fighting men. 
The union with Scotland 6 
added to theſe about 325,000 — 85 
So the united kingdom — — | 
contained - - - 2,025,000 


* 1 
But troops, without funds to carry them to war, 
with all that ſoldiers require, are of little avail. 
And happy is it for this nation, at leaſt, that there 

is a ſucceſſive riſe in the accumulations of our 
wealth, in the ſame manner as we have already 
ſeen a continual progreſs in our population; 
owing to the. various means, which individuals 
conſtantly uſe, to meliorate their own condition. 
There can be little doubt then, though Gregory 

King ſuppoſed the contrary, that the productive 
Capital and annual gains of the people were greater 
at the acceſſion of Anne, than they had been 


_— 


(6. » 
during the preceding reign'*, or in any former: 
period. 

:Godolphin and Marlborough had not to con- 
tend with the embarraſſments of their predeceſſors. 
The diſorders of the coin, which had ſo enfeebled 
the late adminiſtration, had been perfectly cured by 
a re-coinage. The high intereſt, which had been 
given, and the ſtill higher profit, that was made, by 
purehaſing government-ſecurities, had drawn mean- 
while much of the hoarded caſh within the circle 
of commerce. No leſs than J. 3,400,000 of ham- 
mered money, which had been equally locked up, 

were brought into action, according to Davenant, 
by the act for ſuppreſſing it, in 1697. The Bank 
of England now lent its aid, by facilitating loans, 
and circulating exchequer bills. And the public 
debts and additional taxes filled circulation at pre- 
ſent, and gave it activity; as they had equally 
produced ſimilar effects, when the Long Parlia- 
ment opened the coffers of England. Owing to all 
theſe cauſes, the ſtateſmen of the reign of Anne bor- 


2 Afeer fo expenſive a war juſt ended, ſays Anderſon, it 
gave foreigners a high idea of the wealth and grandeur of 
England, to ſee ? ¼π·ᷓ millions fterling ſubſcribed for in three days, 
(by the new Eaſt-India Company in 1698) and there were per- 
fons ready to ſubſcribe as much more: For, although fince 
that time higher proofs have appeared of the great riches of 
this nation, becauſe our wealth is very viſibly increaſed ; yet, 
till then, there had never been ſo illuſtrious an inſtance of 
England's Wee bros. Com. vol. ii. p. "ng 1 


| Phony 


4 Wi 
rowed money at. five per cent. in 1702, and never- 
gave more than ſix during the war; which alone 
ſhews how the condition of this country had hap- 
pily changed, from the time that ſeven and eight 
per cent. were paid, only a few years before. 


The taxes yielded nett into the ex- 
chequer, during the year 1701 1 568.55 
Of this inconſiderable revenue the 
current ſervices for the navy ab- 
ſorbed — L. 1, 046, 397 
the land ſervice — 425,998 
the ordnance — 49,940 
the civil liſt — 704, 339 


fs 2,226,674 
There were applied to the | 
payment of the princi- 28 N, 
pal and intereſt of debts 1, 411,912 be 
PPTP 
Balance remaining unapplied — I 30,789 


L 269275 


The nett ſums paid into the exche- 

quer during the year 1703, from 

the cuſtoms, exciſe, poſt-office, - 
land, and miſcellaneous duties L. 5,56 e : 


Mr. Aſtle's Tranſcript. - 


* 


Of 


Balance remaining for 


a RGA - 
— . o—oO—_ 8 — 


(76 


Of this ſum there were iſſued for car⸗- 
* Tying on the war- L. 3, 665, 430 
For paying the civil liſt 589,981 


the intereſt of loans 430,307 


the payment of loans, DD 
and other ſervices - 875,126 OS 
58 Ps mor. 100 

The taxes, which were annually levied on the 
people, during the preſent reign, may be calcu- 
lated from the nett ſums paid into the exchequer- 


in the years 1707—8—9—10, amounting yearly 


to L. 5,272,758. This gives us an idea ſufficiently 
preciſe of the pecuniary powers, which could then 


be exerted by Britain. But the military opera- 


tions of the government were more extenſive than 


the annual ſupplies of the parliament. So that 


before Chriſtmas 1711, unfunded debts were con- 
trated to the amount of L. 9,471,325. This 
ſum was then too large, as it is ſaid, to be bor- 
rowed at any rate. The public creditors agreed 
to convert their claims into a capital, at a ſpeci- 
fied intereſt, with charges of management. And 


here 1s the origin of the South Sea Company and 
South Sea Stock. 


The ſupplies granted, during the preſent reign, 
amounted to (. 69,815,457. 115. 34d. 


The expences of the war, as they were ſtated by 
the commiſſioners of public accounts, amount- 


ed to - - - £-65,853,799. 85. 7xd-t 
* Mr. Aſtle's Tranſ. + Camp. Pol. Survey, vol. ii. p. 543. 
| And 


— 


( 57) 


And the national debt ſwelled, before the 3 iſt 
December 1714, to - L. 50,644,306. 136. 64d. 
on which was paid an intereſt of“ £. 2,811,903. 
10s. gad. and which were all more than counter- 
balanced by the legiſlative encouragements, that 
were given in this reign to domeſtic * and 
foreign trade. 

The ſurplus produce of our land and Eb 
which was yearly exported, had mean time riſen to 
L. 6,043, 432; which equally evinces, that we had 
not yet much to ſpare, and conſequently no vaſt 
remittance, which could be annually ſent abroad 
for carrying on the war. 

The tonnage of Engliſh ſhips, which from 
time to time tranſported this cargo, and which at 
that epoch formed the principal nurſery for the 
royal navy, had increaſed to - 273,693 tons ; 
which muſt have been navigated, ; 4 
if we allow twelve men to every Le 
two hundred tons, by - - - 16,422 ſailors. 
By an enumeration f of the trading veſſels of 
England, in January 1701, it appeared, that 

London had , - 84,882 rons, 5 
The W had 176,340 
1 — 261,222; and 
that they were navigated by 16,47 1 men, and 
120 boys, or 16,591 ſailors. 
The inconſiderable difference between the enu- 
merated tonnage and mariners, and the tonnage 


* ., © 1K, of Debt, p-. 80; which gives a ei ſtatement. 
+ A detail in the Plantation- office. 


and 


4 


and mariners cleared at the cuſtom- houſe, only 
marks, that ſeveral ſhips had entered more than 
once, and that a greater number of men were 
then allowed to every veſſel than there are now; 


whence we may infer, that the calculation and 


the enumeration prove the accuracy of each 


5 other. j 
4 The royal navy, which in Tons. Men. 


1695 had carried — 112,000 and 45,000,” 
had mouldered before | i" 


e Ned — 41,000 


Its real bre will, however, more clearly ap- : 
mr” from the following detail: F 


„ An ane. liſt of all her er Majeſty 7 ſhips and veſſels f in 
ſea · pay, at home and abroad, on the 27th of February 1703-4, 
with the higheſt complement of men, and the numbers borne, 
muſtered, and wanting. [From the Paper-office. s 

Number of ſhips. Rates. 

ThE 5 — of — 2 
3 
AW 
3 
16 — — — 6, beſides fire-ſhips, 

bombs, and ſmaller veſſels, all which 
Complement of men. Borne. Muſtered, 
Contained 46,745 — 399720 - — $30,778 
Wanting S ne 


. + Philips“ State of the Han P- 35. 


_ 


(my 


Ships ofthe line employ- . 
8 ö in — 1702 74 1 1707 72 
5 e eee - 20g 
| 2% 7 — 1709 6 
D be GD 2730: 50 
2 1706 - 78 — 2222 — 59 


Loch then was the firength of the nation 2 
Queen Anne. Let us now enquire into the loſſes 
of our trade during her glorious, but unproduc- 
tive, war. 

The effort of 5 belligerent powers 1 was xp 
chiefly by land; and the foreign trade of Eng- 
land ſeems to have rather languiſhed, than to have 
been overpowered, as it had been for a ſeaſon, 
during the preceding conteſt. Let us examine 
the following proofs: | 
Years. Ships cleared outwards. Value of ewe. 
1700 q Tons Engliſh. De foreign, | Total. . 

1 273,93 ee 3174328 - 60454432 

2 
178 — — 5,308,966 
3709 243,693 - 45,625 - 289,318 5,913,357 
1711 266,047 - 57,890 - 323,937 = 5,962,988 
3712 326,620 - 29,115 -' 3552735 - 6,868,840 


The revenue of the poſt- office, on an 
' average of the four laſt years of 

William, yielded nett — — LC. 82,319 
Ditto of the four fitſt years of the war - 61,568 


* Mr. Aftle's Tranſcript. | TE 


„ 

Thus, the year 1705 marked the loweſt ſtage of 
the depreſſion of commerce, during Queen Anne's 
wars; whence it gradually roſe till 1712, the laſt 
year of hoſtilities; when our navigation and traffic 
had gained a manifeſt ſuperiority over thoſe of any 

former period of peace. © 
Let us behold the rebound of this mighty c 
| ſpring, when the return of tranquillity had re- 
moved every preſſure, by contraſting the average 
of the ſhips cleared outwards, and of the value 
of their cargoes, during the three peaceful years 
preceding the war, with both, during the three years 
immediately following the treaty of Utrecht. 


Years. | Ships cleared outwards, 1 Value of Pt 0 

— 699 Tons Engliſh. Do foreign, Total. 1. 

7 293,703 43,025 - 3374328 - 6,709,881 
I 


1 13 
* ref 421,431 - - 26,573 - 448,004. - 1:696,573 
18 
The nett annual revenue of the poſt- 

office, according to an average of the Ip 

years 1707—8—g9—10 — C. 58,052 

Ditto on an average f of the years 5 
| * —1—1—14 — — 90, 223 


' — 


* Mr. Atle's Tranſcript. 

| + And. Chron, Com. vol. ii. p. 266: Bet, the 8 bad 
been now extended to every dominion of the crown, and the 
rates of poſtage augmented one-third from 1710. The poſt- 
office revenue, ſays Anderſon, is a kind of politico-commercial 
pulſe of a nation's proſperity or decline. | 


At 


cn) 


dating of this marvellous advance in 
manufactures, traffic o and induſtry, the people 
were taught to believe, that theſe bleſſings ſcarcely 


exiſted among them. Our trade,“ ſays. Mr. 


expiring; our foreign commerce, in many parts, 

entirely loſt, and in general ſuſpended ; what lit- 
tle was left us, was become too precarious to be 
called ours.“ And, in the encomiaſtic ſtyle of 
his dedication, he attributes our regeneration from 
c the loſt condition our trade was then in, to his 
Majeſty's timely acceſſion.” The miniſters of this 
monarch. did little honour to themſelves, by in- 
citing all that clamour, or by propagating ſo much 
factious falſhood. It was not the peace of Utrecht, 


which promoted the unexampled proſperity of our 
commercial affairs; but, it was peace. 


Ide public revenue had now been Grided int 110 | 


the eſtabliſhed income, as the inland duties, the Ex- 
ciſe, and the cuſtoms; and into annual grants, as 
the malt and the land tax. The inland duties, con- 


ſioners, and may be eſtimated at the yearly 
amount of J. 453,002, from an average of the 
Fun F The a, properly: ſo 


tk 

48 Wood's Dedication of The * of Trudi. For this, 
Wood was rewarded with the patent for coining Iriſh half- 
pence, which procured him ſo much celebration by Swift; 


and with what was of more real value, the office has 


to the Commiſſioners | of the N ne 


n IT SE called, ; 


ſiſting at the demiſe of; the Queen of fifteen diſ- 
tinct heads, were all managed by diſtin&t commiſ 


— 


. 
called, and onllected under me peculiar manage 5 
ment of the cominifioners: of eie, comſiſted of 
twenty- ſexen different articles,” and may be caltu- 
lated, froni the ſame average, at . 146294245; 
ineluding the duty on malt. And we may thence 
determine how much ir may have obſtructed 14. 
bour, and checked the progreſs of population: 
The nett cuſtoms, ariſing from our imports and 
exports, conſiſted then of forty - one different branch- 
es, and may be calculated from a fifieen yenislave- 
rage, from 1700 to 1714 inclfive, to have amount. 
ed to (. 1,352;764 *, ino e 
Having enumerated“ that ag Getuil of taxes, 
the biſtorian of our debts exclams: Can we 
Vonder at the decay of our commeree, under ſuch 
citoumſtances d Should not we rather wonder thy 
we have any jeft?ꝰ But, what regard & there due 
wo a general inference, in oppoſition to authentic 
facts ? It has been already demonſtrated, that in 
no former eſfluxion of time did the manufactures 
and trade of England flouriſh ſo much, or amount 
to ſo large an extent, as at the demiſe of Queen | 
Anne, notwithſtanding: the greatneſs of our im- 
poſts, and the immenſity of our debts. And, 
when we conſider too, that the taxes had produced 
abundantly, we may from theſe deciſtve circum- 
ſtances certainly conclude, that the war had little 
incommoded the induſtrious claſſes; and that the 
principle of Procreation exerted its powers, " while 
an attentive diligence preſerved a numerous pro- 
| * Philips's State of the Nation, p. 26. Alt. gs, 
bills N 80 | geny, 


/ | ” 


wen 


geny, by dane the conſtats means; af fu ab; 


ſiſtence. 155 A 20. + 14 11 4 EE? 13 55550 21 gh - "7 2 i 
* 


Whoever. examines the boy of Queen Anne, 
with a view to this ſubject, "muſt: be of opinion, 
that they all tended. to promote the commercial 

intereſts of the wales, as "ch intereſts were 0 
: underſiged,.. THY te 

But, the union of. oh two Kingdoms; is. the 
glory. and / ought to be the boaſt of her reign - 
The incorporation of two independent leziſlatures 


has proved equally ad vantagecus to both cou 


tries, vhethet we regard che intereſt, of the ſtate, 
or the happineſs of the governed. When we. confir 
der the weakneſs, which-teſulted fran*the angient © 
inroads of the Scoteh, and the dagger of future 
d ſeparation, we muſt allow, that this, conjun 
wat worth to Eogland almoſt. any pfice. 
the compreſſion of the hearts and hands of the / 
dividedi nations, gave ati elaſticity. and vigour to 
the united kingdoms, which. ſeparately neither: had 
ever attaitied.' If as commbnities ſo much ſtrength 


and' felicity were derived from the Union, the 


Scotch, as individuals at leaſt, were ſtill greater 
gainers from this affociation of intereſts and affe 
tions- Freed from the tyranny: of the nobles, by 
being admitted into a political ſyſtem more liberal 
than their on, the people of Scotland thence» 
forth enjoyed the fame privileges, as. ſimilar ranks 
in England had: long derived from  foftunate 


events, or wiſe inſtitutions. And, inveſted with 
merce, the Scotch melio- 
rated 


the ſame benefits of et 


rad . 
2 4: þ Aa! 3 ; * 


2 


— 


2 * Me 79 — * * 1 * A. * 9 * 28 8. n 48 


N 3 e * „ 
4 4 n ? . Ns * A . 
* 1 L * £ * 2 1 5 ph» * * * * Co yr [ 7 l * 
7 4 
CRE . * * 5 * * 0 * * 
4 7 
, | L 4 . 6 > I 
4 / ” * * - 
* 0 
* * + * * 4 : * * 
"4 . 1 
1 * * 4 
c 
1 % . , 


4 S * * 
ba . 


rated their . As their wanufac⸗ „ 


tures, extended their trade, and acquired an opu- 


a8 a people, ſeparate and overſha- - 
- dowed; they had: not for ages accompliſhed. + The 
acquiſitions of both happily proved advantageous 
to each. And while the Engliſh buſily cultivared 
the peculiar arts of peace, the Scoteh were 
brought, by a wiſe policy, from moumtains, the 
natural nurſery va warriors, to fight the Mons 5 
Dee of 'boek;) 1515507 een ae 2A] 
From the W ef the Union, YER ſalu- 
regulations promoted equally the proſperity 
and populouſneſs of Great · Britain. Among theſe 
Anderſon has recorded the uſeful reviſal, in 
1710, of the ancient aſſize of bread and ale 
136603 becauſe it was ſo neceſſary for our 
labourers and artifibers, a6 well as for all other 
people.“ enk, Na ol {lives e. loſt 


1 1 


und did W damage in 
the mean time to the French, by robbing them 
of many of their beſt mariufdAutes, my ay 
. they had before ſupplied alm | 8 
The foregoing, details caſt a Juſt! . 1 
"Furious party-conteſts,' during the laſt years of 
in } Anne, in reſpect to the condition of our 
.., commerce; as if the proſperity, or the ruin of 
 manyfaBtories and h were influenced by! the 


2 I . 4 I n 1 * N 
| a N * , 3's ; Pu, 7 5 2 7 = > a= »- s | . „ 5 f — * *s Ly ny 47 \ — 
. 7 4 : - * * # * * >” E 4 4 # © £ * 
: < 7 « : 1 4 0 ' I - : - 
4 \ = &. - « * 1 N 
l 3 1 1. 1. p. 25 0. _ 4 * us +. ”4 
| : - 17 „ 11 + if * 4 F ; . 
* 3 ; 8 "4 p . 
L 0 2 » - 2 . A. 8 2 » J „ 8 ,” 1 o ” 0 
[ Se * % * * 6 C 5 * - b 8 
$207 * 4 | : conti 


- - 
a , 
* 
5 
* 4 
6 A £4 : 
* 9 3 1 
5 4 A - C * 4 
* 8 rb * 1 £ a oe , 
L. 8 1 * - - 
4 + 24% bays. of 2 8 . * e 4 
** wm" . — EF a 


e 
continuance of ſtateſmen in the poſſefon, of ava! 
tion, of emolunient and power. The Roß. 
baden Be the failor only look for employment, | 
the mechanic and the merchant only inquie for 
cuſtomers, without cating who are the rulere from 
whom they enjoy protection, ſince 7 ſeldom 
gain from the conteſts af the _ "OPS 2H. 


% 
por Het elt, e e et fe 


A *; * « A, * 7 
T7! 


WHILE Geoths 1. was in eker W 
about the ſtability of his throne, amid the ctah 
of domeſtic parties, he engaged _— wy, 
conteſts with almoſt every European''powet, be- 
cauſe each in its turn "Dc? 22 protection 10 . 
Pretender to his J. erk. 

But; the foreign diſputes of this reign were ſhorty 
as well as unexpenſive.” And they did not, there- 
fore, call forth the whole force of the Kingdom ; 
which may be deduced in the following manner. 

If the current of population continued its pro- 
_ greſs,” as' we have ſeen it did to the commence- 
ment of the preſent reign,” the fighting men mur 
have amounted, during the time of George I. to 
two millions and fifty th ouſand, And the effective 
wealth of the Wountry, there is reaſon to think, 
had accumulated mein while in a ftill greater pro- 


Owing to the Strelle of circulation? which 


* WT 


gg 4 ; f 
15 1 
. 5 a n 
1 F - : ) 


> * en 1 * 
. 51 = 7 16 2 N N . & . 13 


enables the opulent to convert fo ealily land inta 5 
coin, or coin into land, and to the accumulation _ 
too of moveable property, the intereſt of money 


7 s 


- 
_ —— . — — 


— —ͤ—ũ—§õͥ4— — ꝶ— — — ——'— 
* Ars WO 8 * 1 
. „ 
— 


* 
* * 


* es 
Fo 9 


* 


- 
v2 
1 
7 
: 
— 
- U 
* 
* , 
% 
> 
* 
= 
- 


try: The advance of - the price of lands in the pur- 


began: to. fall woods be. 6 4 05 King William's 

reign, hen no great balance of trade flowed into 

the Kingdom,. And the natural intereſt continu» 

ing low, even amid the preſſures of the ſubſequent, 

war, the Parliament enacted, in 171 3, that the 
legal intereſt ſhould not riſe higher than five per „ 
cent. after September 1714. Thus England, 


while ſhe was yet embarraſſed with the never: fail- : 


ing conſequences of war, galned that abate- 
ment of intereſt by law, which Sir Joſiah Ohild 
rather too fondly inſiſted. during the preceding 
age, woyld, produce ſo many benefits to his coun- 


employment "of the poor 3 the multiplication .of. , 5 
qr j the increaſe of foreign trade: and. the ang 
mentation of the ſtocks of people, The nary in- 
tereſt of money fell to three per cent. in the e 
of George I. While che ene ſeldom bare 
rowed at more than fou, 


1 


The praftice of borrgwing on behalf of the 
tae had; commenced, with, the preſſures of King 
Wilnams reign. © . Ebis policy was continued; and 

0, during the wars of Anne. But, in the 
time of her ſucceſſor, the contract hetween the 
government. and the lenders was ngt e much 
made, as in preceding times, for the re- payment 


* PO” 
i to 


of the PRAGA, E for un apoulry inſtead of in- 
” 
ö a * 
b 12 ay OO" 4 1444 % DS 8 FEES 2 4 * _— 
III . * — * | {> * 5 "PL © 1 : 'e 4 + K# #44 +. 44d 
"wh . * 
"4 * * o 


„ 


£9305 * Oz 
> * *- wi 


The 


GRE. 
The engen had duns cobrrotted u debr, bebte 


eee * N TG 2,811,904 ./ 
190 SILOW. Ai kb i ner tt get er yernny 
ly: e eee Seton, b 
debt was due by the nation in its collective capa» 
city i but, chat individual creditors had acquired 

a vaſt capital in it, of the more importance ta 


them and the public - as, beſides yielding an 2 8 
nual profit, it was eqqually commodious as coin, 


for all; the uſes of life ſinet it could: be eaſily 
pledged; or transferred. And Jandowners were 


thereby enabled to improve their eſtates, manu. 
facturers to carry on their buſineſs, traders to e 


tend our commerce, and every one to pay theit - 
taxes- If by this debt, and by this annuity, hg 


ſtate was ſomewhat embarxaſſed, the induſtriqus . 


claſſes derived, probably, ſome advantage, from 
the ative motion, which was thereby given to * 
eirculating value of all things. Yet, if the pro- 
ple received no poſitive benefit, they ene at leaſt 


enabled, by tis faculty. te ſuſts in cu un 
with greater eaſe , E Nd £2, Hens 


* uh! 
. 


While tares were, without nigour, collected 
from anuyal income, and mat from productive ca 


pital, a financial operation was performed, in 1716, | 


which gradually reheved the embarruſſments of 


- thegilitof December % — L. 80,644. 30% 


bat N mn or tt n 12 ODER i 
to pay the intereſt of 1 re- 1 KK 
- quired, fromnbeland and labour .. 1462 bee 


; G 4 | mT the 


* * e 124 
n . N W i 
* * LE x CLF * 
PAT RAG . 3 "WG 
ert , $4, 
81 . wg: 
n 0 6%, 
Wa 4 * 
10 * & 
bs 
8 \ 
* 
Ky . 
141 


12 v 4 * * 1 a # x * 1 * 7 7 : od . 
b 1 7 E 8 = = * * , 7 4 . 
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5 4 8 1 * 1 
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2 7 v - - - 1 - » „ * 7 ” 
OT) 4 Ps £ 2 , 8 ; | 4 
. ? Mot 8 + ©. . - 
5 „ ; n L'S 8 2 ? 
- 8 = : . 5 
4 a, 8 8 . ved y > 
"off N * * 
1 - 4 * - - 
: 4 v5 „ = =Y n 
- CET £ . . . 
- % „ . N 
K 5 1583 9 2 | 
RIS 7 1 4 * 
"IO x 
1 0 % * © þ + 
8 . 5 . * 
4 7 
1 4 : 
* NS * 
1 
* 


. Rates sd Cine W. ae — | 
8 energetic principle of commercial times. All thoſe 
. ET taxes, which had from time to time been granted 


= for the payment of various antwities; were at once 
male perpetual, and directed to be paid into thren 
4 great funds. The intereſt of the public debts was 
reduced from ſix per cent. to five. And whatever 
ſurpluſes might remain, after paying this liqui- 
dated intereſt, were ordered to be throun into a 
fourth fund, which was thenceforth called 2.¹ 
M nking fund, becauſe it was deſigned to pay off 
1 the principal and intereſt of ſuch debts: as had | 
: been contracted: before Chriſtmas 1716. 09105 5 
S8 So productive were the taxes, owing to the 
1 proſperity «'o of the people, that theſe 3 
m amounted, before the end of the reign of George l. 
to /. 1, 83, 190“. And theſe ſurpluſes would © 
have made che country ſtill more proſperous, had 
the ſinking fund been conſtantly: applied, as it was 
| © _ thus originally deſigned; by keeping circulation 
= full and overflowing, and thereby preventing what 
_— is commonly deplored as a ſcarcity of monty. ” * | 
/ _ Notwithſtanding that ſalutary operation, and 
our manufactures and trade were at the ſame time . 


| 5 greatly encouraged, the capital of the public t 


amounted to nearly as much as in 1714, at the de- 


5 miſe of George I. though the annuity,” payable on 
r was 0 thoſe means Wee 4. 151935007" iT 

jo, 10 © „ nales account, in i Hitory of Debus. l= 
, VOM 


— —„— 


6 — 2 
h U— . — es * 
. 
* 
* 


not only of the p IE | 
| | ee ee aan" he | 


| The nett FW” according ee = 
| LS SY n 73 Y 


* 


dium of four years, ending at Mi- 


| © chaclmas 1726 e n 9 
> malt-tax ) . 1,927,354 t ER 
© The nett annual ao 1 ON 
Various and promiſcuous | 2 6 ot 5 
internal taxes 
: Total appropriated — - 
The land-tax at 25. in Foe 
_ the pound js given for '<. io οοõ 
Malt - duty brings in OI 
L680, ooo, but is gi-- 11) ls 1 oe 
ven for ih 780, 00 l 
Raiſed by lottery, ..- -- 750,000). 
Total annual grants 
| for current ſervices - 


Nett annual revenu f 
Charges of collection þ SFr: ach, 


: l wes i vw * n ha” 18. 


. % 


Te groſs ſum raiſed yearly. 125 q 
the people Fm 


Mattes f à debt of L. 50 57035 595. Wo. Kru Oi 
"Including the ſurplus c the civit*” er 
_ lift, which is 9h per annum, Als * Aut 

5 3 L. 2. 240,965 + »1T 

The civil it W % MY 

Mr 2000885 

Surplus of the ning fund - ade 
The current ſeryices of the army, 

„ 
T he annual charges with current, 
. — PEE 0 627 


8 and other charges, at 1 Coo, * 


Groſs fur annually applied - < 7224175 


The wala of the ſurplus avadulty of che land 
and labour of England, after domeſtic conſump- 
tion was fully ſupplied, amounted yearly, at the 
acceſſion of George I. to C. f, 05, 68; ' which 
formed a much larger cargo chan had ever been 
exported before. And from this circumſtance we 
might infer, that there was now employed a 
greater capital in trade than, by means of i its pro- 
ductive employment, had, in any prior age. pro- 

d the wealth and wricaes of | Britain. .. 


. 
* 


AN TY I 7 * 9 15 LY 5 Y F N Y 
* uf > * 
| * 1 
L 1 
* 1 | 5 2 * 8 
- ? . 
4 no 7 1 
wh 9 N "i 


LE SE 
The Exigliſh fhipping; Which end dat aut 


cargo, at the acceſſion of George: Jaz had then inn, 


creaſed to 1778 to, NF ©” 133 444548 do 
which muſt have been navigsted. Ie ,oifien a0 


if we allow twelve mariners tir 


every to hundred tons, br 2 266 8 


3 1 
2 14 * 


The royal G, which had beg. 
principally left by Queen, Anne, le : 


5 95 


4 2 . Aa 


carried, 5 in 171 WS = 270 Cd 


17 


Wood ſtated * the amount ah the, 
navy, in 1721, at Wn" +7 


£ 34 


„leb, ſai he, is — 2 — r 9 


pa, — — — - —— ä — 


16 $, by, 57. TIT: n 
' ne. 1666; by 95,639. b 30 by 5 ; | x 


——u———— — —— — — 

— e604) FF og SIR * pt. 4 er 

Notwithſtanding the boats Ur * aback 
Wood, and the glory acquired” mw” a his 


by defeacing che Spaniſ fleet in 


IT 3 #5 * 226 
1716, it is apparent, that te 


navy bad lately fuftained 1 * ret bows: 


* 


* 
* oe "4 _— 5 1650 p a on 3. 
93 


N 1 1 . — 


minution of 


# 4 


Haring ſaid. ai ics ph regard Li 


firength'of Britain, let us no examine'the loſſes 
of our trade, from the petty wars of the preſent 


reign ; which ſeem not indeed to have much in: 


en foreign commerce of the kin len. 


% de — —— 


Survey of Trade, p. 55. 


f 


LY 


* 


% * N 
44 4, 2 * x f 5 
. > * s * - s 
6 | while 
| > * 
% 


* 

3 — 

A % 

— 
— * 0 
+4 
. 4 
1 $i * 4 : 
4 72 
2 þ ty > FRE "RESP" ha 7 
_ TRE TED * L * * 3 d 9 * 4 py 1 8 25 * 4 
x AC oo. —— * 2 Ra 0 


i 
„ 
1 * 
* 
o 


r . 7— re 


— — — — ü ü! TÄ) 


8 —— w — — ſ7— — 
8 * pa . 7 U 
* * 3 
” * N * * . 1 2 4 5 * 
5 < " F . wes «1 r — : * 0 7 
x #(> FG a * 7 . as GA Fs 
« » " 4 . — * , 
: A. 4 1 
oy . « 
* = 
= - - 
* * 
/ , 
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* - i = 


CRORE 


; 4 


| E 
A 
6 92 5 ; 
white: flutary — incted be domeſtic fn: 
_ duſtry of ihe people. 9 — — 


- Owing probabſy to a . of FOR 
the traffic and navigation 'of England appear to 
have ſtruggled with their -opprefſions, but never 
to have riſen much ſuperior to the amount of both, 
during the year of the acceſſion of George 1. T he. 
following details offer ſufficient proofs of this : * 

gie cleared betend. 18 | Valnof caps 
8 To, Eagle. De foreign, Tel,. | þ. 
Ritz; 44843 33.950 478,793 - 8,008,068 
1 | 406,392 19,308 - 425,900 - 6,922,263 
—_ 438,816 17,493 456, 309 952 


7s 4277962 16,809 444,71 - 6,361,390 - 


IF" 392,643 - 27,040 - 419,683 - 7395,90 


— I 


9 * 2 * 


ee ae ho ee ee — 
uche averages of our navigation and trade, at the 


© beginning and at the end of George I's reign ; . 
and if we alſo recollect, that the buſineſs of 1726 

0 1727 was ſomewhat. * by U 20 
e for war. n 


Sf i. yr Vea of cargo. 
17130 — —— er Bai! 
14 (481,491 » 26,573 - 448,006: 76855575 
r . J ert ee 5 
1726 u 016402. babe CRHOT t G 
+ — e 456,483 7655 10739 


During 


„ Dufing this - Ms there // wits; becher ö 1 
1 and concern of the nation, | 
on the ſubject of 4 decline of trade Joſhi 1 
See publiſhed, about .chedfame time, his treatiſe, — 
in order to ſhew the wounds our commerce and = 
manufactories had received; which '* he put '- 
into the hands of the miniſters, of the King, le 
Queen, and the Prince f.“ When Eraſmus Rn. 
lips wrote his State of the Nation, in 2725 f, he - 
found + ſome men ſo gloomy, that they thought 
us in a vorſe condition than we really ate, Ahd 
that it would be impoſſible to pay off the public 
debts ʒ ſince all this pomp is nothing but falſe 
luſtre; as we owe. more than we are worth; a5 ur — |} 
money is diminiſhed; and as we have little let 
but paper- credit. Againſt this contemporanenus | 
geclamation, which ſhews that man, in.evieryiage, 
utters. his lamentations in a ſimilar tone, Pilling s 
ſtated, what, experience has ſnewn to have been 
vundoubtedly true, the certain profis of the praſpe: 
rity and opmlence of a country.;. great numbers. & is 
duſtrious people; a rich commonaliy er IF 
Intereſt ; and land at 4 great baust. | 

| Nevertheleſs, there were aff uredly en, du- 

ring the reign of George I. which caſt a gloom 
over che te and obſtruted general ien 


i 1 3 : : x 44 


4 2 
4 = 
431 m- 8 7 1 / 


C Woods . 4 4 Gee's e 4 . 8 9 
2 Preface to The Slate of the Maris; which, as well 6 
Words Survey, was dedicated ww dhe * ; cord to ben i 

| pra of the time. 3 rr 


— * » 


- , - > 
* [4 - 2 * 
, 
r 
1 . "Sz ' . , 5 


FRE” 


261 —_— \ = * * — — ſ— 


—— 


——U—ũ—6 . —U—ͤ— 


— . —KKLK — —— 
wt — EET 
r 


ũ—d0Q?7U UU )P——— — 
— ND ———— 
ME ee: 
2 
5 


U—ü— OILS Pam. + . vt AD 
My IT: © 
1 1 
*. * 


— 8 ͤ——— 


_ 


* 


8 

\ * 1 $6 
2 RR_—_ 
* 4A 


* 1 
Y - 
- P 
WS. Fs - 
= . 
a / * 
4 _ 1A . 


Sip Handy which were followed by the tumults 


future courſe 0 


- tive capital from being ſent abroad. The mea- 
fare of allowing the exportation of Britiſo-made 


„ 
The: perſecutions of the great; on the acer en of 


of the! mean, ought to give a leſſbn of woderstlonʒ 


quences" tothe ſtate . The ſubſequent 'rebellion 
67h brought with ĩt à twelvemonth of diſtrac- 


tion, withour leasing ihe terrors ef example: 


And tho war wien Spain, im 1718, obſtructed out 
Mediterranean commerce, as every war Wi thut x 
Hagan maſt continue to do, while the great 
cauſe of: hoftitiies remains, and bids the Spanihrds 
dflances'! Bur; it waß the infamoub year 1720 


ich dlverted all claſſes to projects and: bubbles, 


must ought te be blected from our anttals, if” 
Gd not form remarkabie beacons to direct out 


ere He 


of uns reiga it is the characteriſtic; that though | 


5 made period we there ſo many laws enacted, fot 


; domeſtic and foreign wage pet, at n 
enptio pere, rather -edit avowed Hotties. The . 


wenty of commerce win Spain, in 151 f, muſt 


have inſpired our traders with freſm vigour. The 
law which, in 15 8, protibited any Britiffy ſub- 


jeck from carrying on traſße to the Eaſt under 
foreign commiſſions, turned their atdour upon 


more invigorating objects, by preventing produc- 


linen, duty-Free, in 17¹ 7. ww us a manufacture, 
"dT Which 


* 


66 
which is nn then, to have employed enany. 
thouſands: of A i. the Aer | 
olied . „ ble agg 
-{/Fhe-falutary. laws, which were made fur incit- 
ing domeſtic induſtry, were-doubtleſs mote eſſipa. 
cious in the ſubſequent reign, than they were er 
in any great degree, during the preſent. The- 
nufaRories:of iron, of braſs, and of copper, being 
conſidered as the third in extent fince-they*emne2 / 
ployed, at ir is ſaid,” in 1719, two hundred" an. 
thirty thouſand: perſons, were promoted uh e 
attention, which was due te their impurtante, 
The continued encouragementʒ that had hee *. 
ven to the ſabrics of ſillꝭ and th erection af the 
vuſt machine of Lomb, in 1719 had raiſed-the 
_ aninvuativaluecef this manufacture to C. yo, o. 
in 27422 more, 48 it is ſtated, than it had ad- 
ed at the Rewolutiem Kab Gal. 30. 4 2034 349, 
But, the year 2745 muſt — 
as memorable for a great operation in comnerei@. 
policy, as the eſtabliſhment of the ſinking find - 
had been in finance, a few years before. Ihe Pac» 
lament had indeed, in 1672, withdrawn the duties, 
* wete chen gene. by 4 on the expor- | 
Ry "was Ain: more ed Gy. 
removing the impoſts on every kind of woollen 
goods, that ſhoyld be thereafter ſent abroad. It 
Was s however by the law 8 the * n 
2804 | mens 


derſon *. remarks, in 15250 t 
vocking can pot err demonſtrate the ama- 
land's commerce, in leſs chan 


8 towns, ſuch as Li 


ip pg when he __ 
tion, for a general naturalization, a 


F 
- 
men 
* 
— 


8 e Com. vol. 21 7 poo 
ö | to his tranſlatlon of Hottoman's Fi anco-Gallia, 


* e 
1 „ bY 


: evidence 


* 


* 5 


evidence eee e aden | 


_ thaſſes were fully employed 7 and employment never ; 
fails to promote population. If his lordſhip only 

meant to give vent to his laudable anxieties for 

his country, this circucmſtance would lend us to 


infer, that great as well as little minds are too apt 


to complain of the miſeries of the preſent. 


N A ' „ 1 
1 os -þ Ser eq A. 20 ö $7 1 567 * As oY i 
* 4 — , 7 — 


Leu eee — — 
| vas" ns a Id Nr 557 10 lt "ES 

85 THE reign ef, George u. with hay geiler 
events it opened, will be found to have pro- 
moted greatly, before its ſucceſaful end, the in- 
duſtry and . productive capital of the nation; 
and mg ee numbers 8315 51 
„ ms e e een eng enn een 
He found his- Abo bd be fake” 


ed debt of rather more than fifty millions; Which ' of 


required, from the land and labour of the/nation, 
taxes to the amount of two millions eee 
| ed l Vo #1 

But, as his predeceſſor reduced; ten years tl” 
fore, the intereſt payable on the public debts, 
from ſix per cent. to five, the adminiſtration of the 
preſent King made a further reduction, with the 
conſent of all parties, from fie per cent. to four, 
in 1727. Theſe meaſures, which the fortunate : 
circumſtances of the times rendered eaſy and ſafe, 
not only ſtrengthened public and private credit, 


but, by redueing the natural intereſt of money 


1 more, muſt have thereby facilitated every ope- 


FU UN! H ration 
9 


ff 


% 


8 > * = * 

” 1 k 4 i 5 5 

; * — 4 - : „ 
9 * = # = ”- *%- o = 

em 8 * N . 

1 5 * gun FS; #2, - 2 

\ * A 1 3 n 1 4 4 dr * 
. 


ee n ter rene widh . 
| 7 rocco. 5 * 12 5. , 


Tet, party-rage ran fo high, i in 1729, Gon An- 


5 n ws . is now v ſoffciemtl Nis no Mn 
. Compton outwitteg bimſelf 3 in the bargain for place, about 


| with! hes Myjofty About n Bonded thouſand poonds : and he 


bsi peapſe 3s 0 wy 1010 aher mee, 


SS 


e 
7 *. * „ 


ration * ns Sy 
effort of foreign traffic. | The fabrics of v 


vere at the ſame time freed from fraud. And 
the peace with Spain, in 1728, muſt have invigo- 


rated our exportations to the Mediterranean 3 the 


derſon *, that the friends of the miniſter found 


1 themſelves obliged to prove by fads, what was 
before generally known to be true, that Britain 
was then in à thriving condition : the low intereſt 


of money, ſaid they, demonſtrates a greater plen- 


ty of caſh than formerly; this abundance of mo- 
ney has raiſed the price of lands from twenty and 
| twenty- one years purchaſe to twenty and rwenty- 
five; which proves, that there were more petſons 
üble and teady to buy than formerly: And the 
great ſums of late expended in the incloſing and 
proofs of an augmentation of opulente and peo- 
: ple; while the increaſed- value of our exports x 
? thews ; 


| eee Fs er area i and ane e 


n 


Queet Caroline”s Jotuxure. Sir R. Walpole did not higyle 


was, in return, continued "the; mivifer. But, the proſpecity 


* 5 | | 

4 ong f 4 87 *. SY T f a #2} ; , * 9 } ; ©. * % - 97 if 3 8 
e # FY if a8 of * ; wh » +4 „„ £4 Fg + + 49 2 * ws. A 

| 5 3 
* 954 i L 
{ : 
\ 
SAP. ” 
P 1 


r . 


Rs (Coup N : : 
— ef wippuus deared outwards mk ghe 
greatur extent of pur navigatian- lab 0%: pl 
Af ve compapę the ayerages:of our redete and 
cargoes, in the fink. years of the preſent reigo, 
with thoſe of the three years of peace, which pre- 
. 


in a fill more plealng ligt. 
" Year," © nn e 8 1 wude 
8 Tons Eng. De foreign. e. „ e 
20 warden 0651 456-483 welke 
2 BO . N 95" "8 © NO 6 
| 3 e 
mT —_ vb, - 864627, ;y 9993232 
fas: a 21177 HAV 


Th 3 ; 3 
_ TT" of prexampled proſpe- 
ie hst the elder Lord LIttelten rote --. 
Aleratiant on the preſent. State af. Hors (1738). 
In moſt parts. of England, ſays he, ."* gentle- 
men's rente are. fo ill ,paid, and the weight of 
Taxes lies ſo heavy. upon them, that thoſe who 
haus nothing from the Court can ſcarce; ſupport 
19 families.—Sych is the ſtate, of. gur magufac- 
tures, ſuch is that of gur colonies; both ſhould - 
55 into, that the nation may know, whe- 
ther the former can ſupport themſelges much 
longer under their various prefſures,” +. The edi- 
tor of his lordſhip's works would have done no 
diſſervice to the memory of à worthy. man, had 
be conſigned this ,faftious effuſion to anonymous 
. obſcurity, Animated by a gen, ſpirit, Pope 
1 H 1 


0 190 5 : 
too wrote Conflerations. an the Sale F "AFairs; 
in his two dialogues, entitled TwRTY-mIGuT, he 
repreſents, in moſt energetic language, and exqui- 
fire numbers, the nation as zotally ruined as over- 
_ whelmed with corruption. It was about the ſame 
time alſo, that Sir Mathew Decker compoſed his 
eſſay * On the Cauſes of the - Decline f Foreign 
Trade. But, it is not eaſy to conceive any diſ- 
quiſition more depraved, than a treatiſe, to ex- 
. the cauſes of an effe which did not exiſl. 

It was the evident purpoſe of ſome of theſe 
writers to drive the nation headlong into war, 
without thinking of any other conſequences, than 
acquiring power, or gratifying ſpleen; and with- 
out caring: how much a people, repreſented as un- 
able to pay their rents, might be burthened with 
taxes; or a country, painted as feeble from diſſi- 
Paten, might be diſgraced, or conquered. 
If the nation had thus proſpered i in her affairs, N 
; and the people thus increaſed” in their numbers, 
Great Britain muſt have contained, when ſhe' was 
factiouſiy forced into war with Spain, a greater 
number of fighting men than had ever fought 
her battles before. And ſhe muſt have poſſeſſed 
a maſs of productive capital, and / a greatneſs of 
annual income, far Rae to Fae of former | 
"0s: mk | 
The courſe'of circulation had filled, 3 even 
6 The natural intereſt of money ran 
ſteadily at three per cent. ig he price of all the pub- 


lis ſecurities had riſer ſo.murh higher thai t ey 4 


been in any other period, thut the three per. cent, 
ſtocks ſold at a premium on Change. And the 
annual ſurpluſes of the ſtanding taxes, as they 
were paid into the ſinking - fund, amounted, in 
1738, to no leſs a ſum than * 1,231,127. 

Of chis fund it has been very properly obſerved, 


that while it contributes to the liquidation of 


former debts, it ſtill more facilitates the contract- 
ing of new ones. But, the great contelt among | 
the public creditors at that fortunate epoch, - was 
not ſo much who ſhould be paid his capital, but 
22 ˙ * the 
ſtate +. © ei dick n 

The value of the ſurplus pics 50 our - lin | 


i to 4 939937232 * which might have © 
been applied, "when ſent to foreign countries, / as / 

remittances for carrying on the war at the greateſt 
diſtance. It is indeed an acknowledged , fokt, f 
that during no effluxion of time was there ever 


ſoch conſiderable balances paid to England, as 
there were tranſmitted in the courſe of the war of 


3739» on the general ſtate of her payments. 
The -Engliſh ſhipping, which actually tranſ- 
pehing} that "vaſt cargo, amounted annually to 


4762941 tons; which were navigated probably-by 


* 


26,616 men, who might have been all engaged in 


the public ſervice, either. by influence, or e 5 
= Sir JB Bartard's ſpeech for the relation ochun +14. 


ov 


- J ” * > , 
I H 3 | There 
_ * a, 


— — = 


- = _— — as _— — + K — 


—— — — 
1 


— — et 
* 


——— — - — 2 ˙ 2222 — 
5 
. 
- . 
” 


CD — ð1õÜ 
* 


3 0 
vl ; . . 

9 „ - 9 L ** 23 % 17 1 * e * 1 \ — A 

3&7 TELLE Es N 43 gy 745 270 


| ,6 0 
E r 54 21 1 


E 


Theft nad wen onde pe un chen pg i 
che . which carried eee e 850 


0 A in 1927 (= — [1704868 | 7 


* 


(ls e ec - e ln 


$f 4 1) Y4Y 77 5 SAM 7 wg rut 2279˙9⁰½ 15 N 


A 3 0016 matermp 8 * 
n bei phoning, 1s to che tate of 


. Meehted, ve thall gift r fegen ItowleGigs 
of the condition of ng navigation and cothivierce, 


being the war of 2739 39, by #reeridih ds ill lub 
leihe deth un? N F801 6 5 Sidug* 5d; 
Joy g Hive 50 Eton e 9 iv * SS [IfYT Qt 788 
<4 e ooo eee 
_ lowing detail of the es A ot in Ht on the 19th. July 
N Fe 1! S055 6 e 

ben. — Wn Pace Rae e 


Kad i the Mediterranean; 17 01 71182 
8 8 inSt 294: 41*%+ MN: 18 % 


7 0110 it] 210 "ie 4 : | 
- 


, NOS A Sy 41, 3 nb 


eit „Bit batt 9 ie 95 To 
1 fora n navaly war, x fore going Ae 1 
Fen prone arch 1 739 „tb 147 min ing 38,840 | 


men. But Gr Hömbeld 0 Cove) in 4758 worne, and 


In 5,518 Müflefed.—Pidar the fume unthefity, wWae bave the 
Flowing abſtract of the royal navy in Joe 2748 ; Which, 
whey! compared with the liſt of 1 738, gives an an e ſuffi⸗ 


ee b. flue of Rot gland, during the war 739. 
ga econ led of - a 8 Wi ps' Wi * 


50 f I; N 10 l ite, ogy $i * 


s 4 N 
* * . 3 1 4 ** 


ws 


411 i ee whoſe — 


1255 - iſ 52755 


t. n 


9 


ears. 8 hi 3 a | FIR 30 ven : 
5.668 en 85 


* * 4 N 1889 x + 
4 n b, "$5 Fo : b. reren > ON TA bo Tal 
TRIP: 24% ] 2 wC01% 111 s,. 2 4 90. e 


94 "384191 = 87,260 - eh - 8,870,499 


20 , 123 


++, 


* 


7 3 737807 = 74,849 - 446,666 - 9. 190.64 
% d . 1016671 1 7 9775,34 


We 287 5545 13. * 


Thas the year 1744 marked N ukcicnats point 


of commercial depreflion, if \ we j e from the 
tonnage; and 1740, if we draw our inference 


_ the value of exports: Yer, "whether 'we | 


* „/ „ „„ 


| W's 5 18 + Ty 
iz that the intereft 
affected by this naval Var. 7035 [SO r 


_ we Walt des ee? how little A 


trade rebounded on the rembvel of warfare; h 
comparing the Averages | of dor navigation an 


(FE! 


ce, during the peacefyl years 


"We <5. i tara, 8 5 N T's 
AI. and after they ended 


= 


1 asd + Ships cleared outwards. > 241 7 vet Nag 204.0 


Fans Bagliſh. De foreign; wa Tel! . 


. 


Deer 
ain 18 88910 All. Ra 14 428 = iT : 12 - 
| * 


* 

8 * N. a 
= » aw 

£ 


. * * 
\ WK * ? 1 "4 #6 WJ 1 4 | Y 3 
3 7 ; \ 4 poet s 7 34 18 7 4 Xs . * 84 . 


1749] ; AVIS, os x 
50 ©0979 . 1556 ennie inn 


b „ 
an H 4 5 oring 


476,941 46,62 9996568 - 9050535 | 


a w* * >. Of 
2 


Cy 
* 1 t. ” 
. <a WE 
co ab. : 


"© 104 ww. OT. 
I; "During the foregoing fifty Years: of ä 4 
proſperity, as to our. agriculture * and mayufac- 
ture, our navigation, and traffic, and credit, the 
incumbrances of the public, and the burdens of 
the people, equally continued to increaſe. 2 The 
debt, which was left at the demiſe of Queen Anhe, 
remained undiminiſhed in its capital at the de- 
miſe of George I. though. the annuity payable.” on 
it had been leſſened almoſt a million. The ten 
years.of ſubſequent peace having made "Jingle al- 
teration, the public debt amounted, on the 2014 . 
December 1738, . 10. $94, | 
on the 3iſte of D cem: 
ber 1749, to 2 5 | 4.74330 10586. 10. 11475 


— 
— 


8 We rg — og ealy calculation 5 
5 bes an additional debt had, been mean while Inge 


She rred, of . 27,906, 857. d. 114. behdes An- 


| « © Te appears; by in accountlaid before the Parliament; Mat 
there had been'exporte®/in Sor years; from 174 to 1948; 
corn from England to, the amount of 3,768, 444 quarters 3 
which, at a medium. of prices, was worth to this nation, 
bo 8,007,948. | Now, the average of the five yeafs is 753,689 
quarters eirly, of the value of V. 1,601,589. * The expor- 
ration of 1749 and 1750 roſe Mill higher, '® This js an im · 
menſe ſum”? ſays the compiler of the Annual Regiſter, 
(1772, p. 197] „to flow immediately from the produce of 
_ the: earth, and the labour of the people ; enriching our mer- 
chants, and inereaſing an invaluable breed of ſeamen.“ He 
might have added, with equal propriety, enric hing our yeo=. 
—— incregfng e far 8 1 9 | 
15. e 29. 7 8 4 
+ Hiſtory of Debts. 5 e 18 
A | 3 : funded : 


4 6 105 » 
funded debts to a eonſiderable Amount Zut, 


the nine years war of 1739 coſt this nation up- 
wards of ſity- four millions, without gaining an 
object; becauſe: no valuable object can be gained 
by any war. It is to be lamented, when hoſtilities 
ceaſe, that the party, which forces the nation to 
begin them, without ae = 18 nenn 
pou” to pay the expence. 

The current of wealth, which bad goed inte 
eee during the obſtructions of war, con- 
tinued a ſtill more rapid courſe, on the retutn of 
peace. The taxes produced abundantly, becauſe 
an induſtrious people conſumed liberally. And 
the ſurpluſes of all the impoſts, after paying the 
Intereſt: of dehta, amounted: to C. 1, 274, 1% . 
The coffers of the rich began to oveiHOW. Cir - 
culation became ſtill more rapid. The intereſt uf 
money, which had riſen: during eee 
war to four per cent. fell to three, when the ce. 
ſation of hoſtilies terminated the loans to govern- 
ment. The adminiſtration ſeized this proſperous 
moment to reduce, with the conſent ee 6 
pPrietors, the intereſt of almoſt fifty- eight inn 
of debts. from four per cent. to three and a half Ec 
for ſeven years, from 1750, and afterwards 3 15 
Pier cent. for ever. And by theſe prudont mea- 
ſures, the annuity payable to the creditors of the 
ſtate was leſſened, in the years 1730 and 7 
| Tow: L. 2,966,000 to C. 2,663,000 it. 
© Hiſtory of Debts from an Exchequer account. 
BE 9 the Revenue, p. 55 * | 


Anenpable to give it relief, that the reſigned: a 
Aurtative office from pure diſintereſtedneſſ. And 


to evince to tre e neee 


5 and augmentation of numbers, ve ought to men- 


; : | 
* 4 i * 17 

| \ * 

96 \ 


15 it . that Lnd Bor 


lingbroke wrote 'Some: Confiderations ou: the State of 
the Natian; in which he repreſents the public at 
e werge of bankruptcy, and 1be peaple at ready 1 
Jail inte confuſion, from their dire: and danger. 


Little did that muſtrious party man knom, at leaſt 


Incle was he willing wo own, . how much both the 
public and the people had | advanced, from the 


dme when he had been driven from-power, in al! 


that can make n nation profperous and great. 


Doddington at the fame time ſaw the:country 


in ſo dangerous a condition, and ound himſelf ſo 


che ſecond edition af:Decker's Zfay on 1b Cam ſes 
of "tbe Decline of | Foreign Trade, wWus opparrunely | 
publiſhed, with additional arguments, in 1760. 


161 04 $3 "KS a wh 11+ 07: 1&v 


did nat exit. a 
eee e all that api Ry 


tion, us circumſtances, which probably may hate 
retarded the progreſs of population, the. Spaniſh 
war of 152% that was not, however, of Jong 


Tontinuance. The ſettlement of Georgia, in 


1733 carried off a few of the. loweſt .arders, the 
Sic and the needy. The real hoſtilities that be- 


n an 1739, were probably attended with wuch 


more baneful conſequencas. The rebellion af 
1745, introduced a temporary ded mo 


FP" 


, March #74950," 6. 


Nt : es 


„ 

there werd drawn from its confuſtons, "meaſures 
the moſt ſalutary, in ro ꝓett to induftry and popu- 
lation Let the country gentlemen,“ ſays Cor - 


dyn Morris, when ſpeaking on the then mortality . 


of London [March 1750-1! be called forth 
and declare Have they not continually felt, for 
many years paſt, an increaſing want of huſhand · 
men and day-labourers? Have the | farmers 
throughout the kingdom no juſt complaints of the 
ercaſßve increafing prices of warkmen,: andi of the im. 
8 ne — number at any 
n 14% g lionen 4 nal a b 
firmations, . be ſhewn to OA been ako» 
- gether conſiſtent. with facts :and with pringiples, 
Allowing bis any years to rench to the demiſe of 
George I. it may be aſſerted, becauſe it has been 
proved, that our agricuiture had been fa much 
improved, as not only te ſupply domeſtic want, 


of ſubſiſbence; and every branch of our manufac- 
tures kept pace with the flouriſhing ſtate of our 


ture commodities of the value of C. I 1;441;202, - 
and to navigae 354,713 tons of ſhipping, in 
1748, than to fabrichte goods of the value uf 

L. 7957, %, and to navigate 466,463 tons f 
' tipping; in 1728. Bur, great demand creates 2 
ſcarcity of ull things; which in the end procures 


muſbandry. It is ſurely deinonſtrable, thut ãt re- 


r eee, 5 | | 3 


* 


— 


{my 


of workmen did in fact produce a reinforcement of 
sworkmen, © may be (inferred: from the numbers 
which; in no long period, were brought into ac- 
uren and private encouragement. 
Mie ſee in familiar life, that when money is Ex 
| pibdet) upon works of uncommon. magnitude, in 
any village, or pariſh, labourers are always collect- 
ed, in proportion to the augmentation of employ- 
ments. Experience ſnews, that the ſame- increaſe 
of the umme never fails to enſut in 
_ Larger diſtricts; in a town, a county, or a king · 
dom, when proportional ſums are expended fog 
labour. Andi it is in this manner, that manufac- 
tures and trade every where augment the numbers. 
of wankind, by the active expenditure of produc, = 
tive capitals. He, then, who labours to evince, 
that the lower orders of men decreaſe in numbers, 
while. agriculture, the arts (both uſeful and orna 
mental) with commerce, are advancing from in · 
conſiderable beginnings, to unexampled greatneſs, 
zs only diligent to prove, ee en pro- 
* their RK 2 ee e e een 
To thoſe reaſons of FRE e die, having for 


years exiſted; had thus produced the moſt beneſi- 


cial effects, prior to the peace of Aix- la- Chapelle, 
new. encouragements were immediately added. 
The reduction of the intereſt of the national debts, 
by meaſures altogether conſiſtent with ejuſtice and 
public faith, ſhewed not only the flouriſhing con- 
dition of the k ingdom, but alſo tended to make it 
e We. And there 5 3 


« 169 ) 
1 conſequences, in 'reſpe& to dos 


meſtic diligence and foreign commetce,: which, Sir | 
Joſiah Child inſiſted a ren, ed would res ; 


ſalt from the lowneſs of intereſt: © 


given to the 'whale-fiſhery, partly by the 'naturali- 
zation of ſkilful foreigners, but more by pecuniaty 


bounties. The eſtabliſmment of the corporation of 
The Free Britiſh Fiſhery,” in 1750, muſt have pro- | 


moted population, by giving employment to- che 


may have been to the undertakers, whoſe ſucceſs was 


been attended with ſtill more beneficial effects, by 


animating the ſpirit of experiment and perſt vo- 
rance. And the laws, which were ſueceſſively end. 


ed, and meaſures purſued, from 17.94 to 1769. fr 


preventing the exceſſive uſe of ſpirituous liguors, muſt 


have promoted populouſneſs, by pteſerving ole” 
health, and inciting the diligence ade ee or- 


ders of the people. 


Yet, theſe ſtarutes, ſalutary as they wal: have 
deen, did promote the health and numbers of the 
people, in a more eminent degree, than the _ 8 a 
Which were paſſed, during the ſame period, for 


making more eaſy communications by the thy 


provement of roads. We may judge of the neceſ- 
1 of cle. acts of W the penalties 
| annexed 4 


Fx Ut 
An additional incitement was at whe Ate 


induſtrious claſſes, however unproſitable the project 


unhappily ſo unequal to their good intentions and 
unrecompenſed expences. The voluntary ſociety, 
which was entered into in 1754, for the Eucourage- 
ment of Arts, Manufatftures, and Commerce, muſt have 


— 


- 
* 
of — = — 
N 


_ 


* 


C 
il abads of England, while they were amended 


- 


mode. Tutppilles, which-we de Het 70 
introduced ſbon after the Reſtoration, were;caeRted 


owly, in oppoſitiom to the prejudices of the people. 
The act, which for-a time made it felony, at che 


beginning of the reigniof George H. to ꝓull daun 
a toll - gate, was: continued as a perpetual law, be- 


fore the ooncluſion uf it. Let, the great made f 
England remained almoſt in their ancient condi- 
tion, even as late as 1752 and 1784 when the 


raveller ſeldom ſam a:turnpike for two hundred 


miles, after leaving the vicinity of London 


Und we now know from experience ham much the 


making of highways and bridges ad vanees the po- 
Pulation of any country, by. extending correſpond- 
ende, by facilitating communications, and, conſe- 
quently, by eee traffic, which.,was 
thereby rendered greater than our foreign; ſince 


be boſt cuſtomers of Britain are the people af Britain. 


2 4 
F 4 * 
: £5 
7 is p G 1 


: 8 ＋I R 4 captious Shes of" very WOW Guts. 
don, the flames of War, which for ſeveral years, - 


had burnt unſeen. among the American woods, 


a out at length in 175 3. Unfortunate as 


2 — 16 -. 


f 1 N LIE . 1 e 


5 * 
9 . 1 8 
—— 


- Cur) 


proved; ſucceſsful, in the end oming o (cauſes 
that it is the -province af chiſtomy to pla... 25 
However faſhianable it chen-was for diſcontent - 
ed ſtate mem to: talk. f whe:confuring and, of 
the country, it might have been inferred!) heſbne- 
band, that ur had predigieus reſounces, if dhe 
ruling powers had been animated hy ady genus. 
The deſbata, which-plainly followed fram miſcon- 
duct, naturally bruugbt talents af every kind. ĩnta 
action. And che events of che war off 
ſtrength of Great. Britain iv ĩtreſiſtible, hen it in 
conducted wings Tony and diſpatch, with beiſdoat 
_and,enciggs!! ft it nin ann gus als ual. 
"When Brackpuridge a Was vpbraided: by Forſter; 
eee eee accounts of our v | 
pulationʒ at che commeneemend of the wan of 17555 | 
he aſked; juſtly enoughy**Hibat encvaragπ,1 un 


aan ec. 1 


it give to abe enemy to know, "that wwe baut Leue -. 


lions of fighting; nen in aur Britiſb iflands s Rut 
ve had aſſuredly in our Britiſh- iſlands a million 
more than Brackenridge:wawillingly allowed: »:! 1 

The natural intereſt of money, which: hadibeen 
8 per cent. at the beginning of this reign, never 
roſe higher than T. 3. 130. 6d. at the coneluſion of 
it, after an expenſive courſe of eight years hoſtili- 
ties. During the two firſt years of the war, the mi- 
niſters borrowed money at 3 per cent. But, Rye 
millions being lent to the adminiſtratiou ĩn 1757 
the lenders required 42 per cent. And from the 

5 des Doddington's Diary, 175 36 ® 

N former 


1 n en te —_— of the . 
def debts in 1787, ſwelled to one million ſix hun- 
5 : ſoon: Ones vaſt cur- 

5 2 

dhe war, before the deceaſe of that prince, amount | 2 
Po. 54.319,26 

; A 119133 0-4 ; 

; x IN $4485 544-4 | I 
mounted I to = | 15134375314 = 
5 The principal expences of a war. 4 
: which, having been undertaken : 
:o drive the French from North - i 


105, 756,639 


27 | = 


1 ; * P «8 1 
" 4s $5. 43-0 e 4 * « S 5 | n * NN „„ 4 8m « 
« * 1 I 1 y E N — Ls — 
— $ % - % « Fg L * of * * 1 2 * * * F 2 * — * N * * 10 a 
- * 


. 1 Camp. Pol, Sur. vol. il. p. 551. 1d. x8 


1 Sb 


8 Boho ot che tixes that Had been eſtabliſhed; 
in order to raiſe thoſe vaſt ſums, bore heavy on the a 


induſtrious claſſes, if we except the additional ex- 


eiſe of three ſhillmgs 2 burrel on beer. And, 


whatever burdens may have been impoſed, internat 
induſtry purſued its occupations, and the enter - 


prize of our traders ſent to every quarter of the 


ample, 3 l Poa Adel 


TL 


There were exported annually, ati; ths fied 
Jr off the! _ ſurpluſes of our n and 


0 — * 


K. » That — of dis greitbody of tho n | 
vas mot. leſſened i in | conſequence of the war, we may wr : 


"TT RS TE. 


vations on the State of the Nation: 6 55 
The average of eight years nett produce of the | 984 ate 1 
8 on —2 Ke. ending with 1754 £ 228,244 
Ditto mY "endioy with 2 261002 
— 


Dito on 7 — — - ending "mich 11 1 i 2 . . 126,073 
| Ditto on ditto, - ending with 1767. = - = 155,716 
| — ED 


* 5 , © 1: 6 + ai... 


Ditto on ER + ending wi ger. . 168200 
one on e ending wich 1767 <,. .. 88 1 3 
As "po new Juties had. * Wa x on the bete gde! 
ceſmries of life, the augmentation” of the revenue evinces 

4 inereaſe of conſumption; conſequently of comforts ; and 

| eonſequengly of people. In confirmation; let it be confidered 
too, that the bereditary and temporary exciſe produced, accgrd- 


ing to an eight years average, ending with 1754 - - 525.317. 
Ditto int with 2707 „ OE : 2 SIO 


_- 
* ba . 4 * . 
* 
4 „ LEY = 
* LE ” wy { 
- 
* 
" 1 
* 


globe, merchandizes to an 3 * al exe 


: 


+ I'S 


— 


government as tranſports, and certainlyfurniſhedthe 


The Engliſh- e ee expurting 


manufactures, her fiſheries, and her commerce, 
de un amount, which has been the wonder and 
envy of the world.“ This flattering picture of 
Doctor Campbell will, however, appear to be ex- 


*C:4 1714 55 

to the amount bf 2 Ai which beg 
fent abroad from time to time, to different mar- 
kets, as demand required, might have been all 


applied, (as ſome of them wndoubt edly were) in 


paying the fleets and armics; that Tn terror” 
ever every hoſtile-nation. 7 47 


that ' vaſt cargo might have been employed by 


fleet with a hardy race, amounted xo 609,798 tons; ; 
which muſt have been navigated; if 
we allow twelve men to Pray. 200 
tons burden, by. „ 35,559 1 wen. 


— 


We may ire with gerd to the progreſs 


and magnitude of the royal navy, from the follow- 


Sailors voted by - 


7A anne 1 Parliament. Their wages, c. 


In 17490 228,16 1% = 2 839, 800 
of 1754 = 226,246 = 10,000'= . 494,000 
.- 2760 = 300,446 — ' 70,000 — 3.458.000 


— 


d 80 the Post of, Drizdin, <* that white. other 
eduntries ſuffered” innumerable calamities, during 


| that Jong period « of , hoſtilities, .this happy iſland 


8 them all; and cultivated, unmoleſted, her 5 


There were moreover exported from Scotland, according 


"TIN 8 t C. 663,401. 


tremely 


ae 
tremely like the original, from an examination of 
the ſubſequent, details ; which. ate more accurate 


in their notices, and ſtill more juſt in their con- 
cluſions. Compare, then, the following averages 


of our. navigation and traffick, r en 
ed wean both of peace and war: 
Vente. Sbips cheared outyrards. e 


1749 Tons Engliſh. Do foreign. 5 * L. 
1 e. . e - 1 9M 
51 5 
1755 


1 

1760 471,241 112,737 - - $73:978 - 14:693,270 
61 $508,220-117,835 -'626,055- 14,873,194 
62 ee e 600, 570 · 13+546,17 5 


„ 


«4s „ wo 


Thus, the year 17 56 marked che 1 point 


of the depreſſion of commerce; wbence it 172 


dually roſe, till it had gained a ſuperiority « oyer the 
unexampled traffick of the tranquil years 1749-50- 
51, if we may judge from the valve of exports; 


1 HE 5 


and almoſt to an equality, if we draw our infer- 


ences from the tonnage. The Spaniſh war of 
1762 impoſed an additional weight, and * * 


ſeen the conſequent decline.” RY 


When, by the treaty of! Paris, entire mann | 
| was again reſtored to foreign commerce, the traders 


once more ſent out adventures of a ſtill greater 
amount to every quarter of the globe, though the 
nation was ſuppoſed to be ſtrained by too great · an 
pb of its powers. The ſalutary effocts of 

5 2 more 


26 451,284 754360 6241 dungeshis 


8 


13 
more extetifive manufactures and a larger trade 
were inſtantly ſeen in the commercial ſuperiority 
of the three years following the pacifleation of 
1763, over thoſe enſuing the peace of 1748, tho? 
theſe have been celebrated juſtly as times of un- 


common proſperity. '/ We ſhall be fully convinced 
of this ſatisfactory truth, if we « examine the fol- 


lowing proofs: ' | N ae 95 0 A4 

Years, Ships cleared e s Eves f c 

1749 Tons Eneliſh. b Poder. Total. 5 pe 
50 609,798. - $1,386 - reten⸗ - 12,599,112 
51 


1755 389,842 - 116,002 - 306,844 12,6 16335 
: 1759 406,335. 2076 = 5274252 - 13,947,788 | 


17643 
"61 639.898 - 68,136 - 708,008- 14:925:950 , 
66 | 


pans th(s o-hTg 


The groſs i income of the Polt-office, "IR and 
domeſtic, which, it is ſaid, can alone demonſtrate 
the extent of our correſpondence, amounted, _ 
| In 1754s =>. = To 210,663 
10 1764, to VVV 


— 2 4 & 
v#>. 


* as, * = * = 7 8 


ir was at "this Folios ach: that "OUR 
Britain» having carried conqueſt over the hoſtile 
powers of the earth, by her arms, ſaved Europe 
from bankruptcy, by the ſuperiority of her opu- 
lence, and by the diſintereſtedneſs of her ſpirit. 


»The account of the Poſt-office revenue is ſtated, by the 
Annual Regiſter 1773, much higher, miſtakingly. 


R l The 


. n | a a 
£ Ca % 
; ( wk 17 0 9 


The failures, which happened at Berlin, at Ham. 


burgh, and in Holland, during July 1763, com- 
municated diſmay and diſtruſt to every commer- 


cial town, on the European continent“. Wealth, 


it is ſaid, no longer procured credit, or connec- 
tion any more gained confidence: The merchanrs 
of Europe remained for ſome time in conſter- 
nation, becauſe every trader feared for himſelf, 
amidſt the ruins of the greateſt houſes. It was at 
this criſis, that the Britiſh traders ſhewed the 
greatneſs of their capitals, the extent of their cre- 
dit, and how little they regarded either loſs or 
gain, while the mercantile world ſeemed to -paſs 
away as a winter's cloud: They truſted corre 
ſpondents, whoſe ſituations were extremely unſta- 
ble, to a greater amount than they had ever ven- 
tured to do, in the moſt proſperous times: And 
they made vaſt remittances to thoſe commercial 
cities, whete the deepeſt diſtreſs was ſuppoſed to 


prevail, from the determination of the wealthieſt 


bankers to ſuſpend the payment of their own ac- 
ceptances. At this criſis the Bank of England diſ- 
counted bills of exchange to an incredible amount, 
while every bill was doubted. And the Britiſh 


6+ 
4 


government, with à wiſe policy, n _ 


ſupported all +. 


5 See the deſpondent letter from the 3 of Hamburgh ; 
to the bankers of Amſterdam, dated the 4th of Auguſt 1763, - 2 


in the Gentleman's Magazine of this year, p. 422 


I See Conſiderationg on the Trade and Finances of the 
8 


1 


17 2 On 


Ids * 


= 05 abs a Re was kate Jowen, 
« An Alarm to the Stackbolders.” By another writer 
the nation was remembered of © zhe deereaſe of the 
current coin, as a moſt. dangerous circumſtance.” And 
by an author, Al more conſiderable than either, 
we were inſtructed . How the abilities of the 
country were ſtretched to their utmoſt extent, and 
| beyond their natural; tone, whilſt trade ſuffered in 
proportion: For, the price both of labour and 
materials was enhanced by the number and weight 
of the new taxes, and by the extraordinary demand 
which tbe ruin of the French navigation brought 
on Great Britain 3 whereby. rival nations may be 
now enabled to under-ſell us at foreign markets, 
and rival us in our own: That both public and 
private credit were at the ſame time oppreſſed by _ 

the rapid increaſe of the national debt, by the 
” FYearcity of money, and the high rate of intereſt, 
which aggravated every evil, and affected every 
money tranſaction. Such is the melancholie pic- 
tture, hich was exhibited of our ſituation, ſoon af- 
tier the peace of 1763, by the hand of a maſter , 
who probably meant to re a caricatufe, Tather : 

; 0000 to draw a portrait. > | 

_ © Tf, however, the reſourtes of Britain aue chiefly 
9 from the labour of Britain, it may be eaſily ſhewn, 
that there never exiſted in this iſland ſo many induf- 
trious people, as at the return of peace in 1763. It 
is not eaſy, indeed, to calculate the numbers, who 


— 


* 


® Confiderations on the Trade and Finances of the King- 
dow, p. 3. | 9 
RE | die 


[ 4 5 4 3 36 5 + 4 : | 
EN 1 n þ 1. es "Be n « 5 nenn 
1 . 1 . * . Rn # 4 Tz. Aut 4 l 4 
Þ 6 As f b * 2 $64 3 « SW »A. Md if 6 9 8 
[2 ** * 14 — WF. LK Ty = 1 27 7 . MR W * 8 4 8 LY , 


45 119 ** 
zie in the camp. or in battle? more than would 
otherwiſe periſh from want, or from vice, inthe | 


city or hamlet, It is ſome conſolation, that the 
laborious claſſes are too wealthy to covet the pit- 
tance of the ſoldier, ot too independent to court © 
the dangers of the ſailor.” * And though the for=. 7 
ſaken lover, or the reſtleſs vagrant, may look for re- Wes 
fuge in the army or the fleet, it may admit of ſume 
doubt, how far the giving of proper employment to 
both, may not have freed their pariſhes from dil. 
quietude and from ctimes. There is, therefore; 
no room, to ſuppoſe, that any one left che anvil;. 
or the loom, to follow the idle trade of war, during > 
the hoſtilities of 1755, or "that there were leſs. pri- 
vate income and public circulation, after the re- 
eſtabliſnment of peace, than at any. prior epo 
For, it muſt undoubtedly have required a grrater 
number of artificers to produce merehandizes for 


N 


foreign exportation, after feeding ad ae z 


the inen to the 53 5 2 , 
_ AN. deseo. in 1960s 
chan it did o aeg ere 


the value f 12,599. 12 - in 1750, 
Ic mult have demanded 3 | 
ſtill. greater number of 
hands to work up goods 5 1 
for exportation of the e en 5 
value of n 16,812, 4% wipe 
than it did to manufacture Ws | | 
the value o 14,873,191 in 1761. 


145 A greater 


Fe : * 
1 v3 
> 


*% 


7-3 - 
8 in 172 bt - 
** nt 3 18. ST L= 
234 — * — 
-, 


5 120 
Fg greater number of ſeamen. 
> .mylſt ſurely have been em- 
I ployed We 18 
i: ng 25 © | 03,% 407 amp 
be Boy 
_ And a Kin. gener number 
to man and: ir 
than wy 2585 Nee 2 


75 


; 
62 op 


2 It is AH ed, 1 Scotland furniſh 
number of recruits for the fleets and armies of Britain, dal ing 
the. war of 1765, than England, conſidering the ſmaller num 
ber of her fighting men · Yet, by this drain, the, induſtrious | 
claſſes ſeem not to have been f in the leaſt e yr of | 


Err LOG were m0 r ſale, 
KA in 177 "> 
3 175 1 I 


* 
Be: 
1 * "7 1441 


. 8 
if... 


471,241 - in 1 
ee in 220% 


6 K en 


NW. 19: re y 


11,747,728. 


Of the a0gmentation of the whoſe produts of Scotland dur. 
ing the war, we may judge from ane * * :'The 


aloe of merchandizes N from e 


% 
=y 


- 
| 
— 
* 


bens wore WT Ja of Britih-manufaQured linens, 
according to an ayerage of ſeven years of "peace, from 1749 


- 376.7 . : 
Ditto, 3 to an average of ſeven years. 


VCC 
of ſubſequent war, from 1756 to 


Having thus diſcovered that the ſword had not VOTE put 
into cu! hands, let us take a view of the great woollen ma- 
nufaQories of England, with an aſpect to the ſame + 


. 663-40 25 | 
1 „086, 205 


"BI 12492927" 


1 


1762 | 1.48226 


ing fabjeR. The value of wweollen goods exported, 


. 316759297 


4+758 1227 
4.673,46 

55352,299 
5453172 


| $0,624,435 yards, 55 


2 42 


f 


. 4 


- in 1766, 
5092238 in 2255 


64 2 


9 
6 © 


o 


1 


5 4 "Wor * 55 

ny Yet, it mußt tbe confeſſed; that we the 2075 
individually may. have been employed, the flats on 
corporately was embarraſſed in no ſmall r 

by the debts, which had been contracted by a war, 
glorious, but unprofitable. Upwards of fifty- 
eight millions had been added to our funded debts, 
before we began to negociate for peace in 1762. 
When the unfanded debts were afterwards brought 

to account, and aſſigned an annual intereſt; from 
a ſpecific fund, the whole debt, whith' was incurred, 
by the hoſtilities of 1755, ſwelled to C. 7 2,1 1 1,000. . 
And when every claim on the public, for the wars 
expences, was TORY 99 90 the national debt 
amounted We; RN. 2. £-146, 93 


oy N © Y „ 
1 0 n 1 22 


We d bene eee due,” 
an annuity of 22 4.8 . 8 


* . * - P 
4 9 4 L r Are. . Ph * 


Though it is the intereſt, at not the capital®,. | 
that conſtinites the real debt of . Is this 


— 0 * 
| 1 Hogg 
# 1 © 4 F N 
e IK. D 
þ ” 
* * : . 


* Writers key 3 of late, 1 their zeal; of — 985 


* 


51 if 


00 to demand the payment of the principal of the debt, | 


though the intereſt be punctually paid as if the nature of the 
contract between the individual and the flats had ſtipulated for 
the payment of both. The fact is, that few leaders, figce 
King William's days, have expected repayment of zhe capitals, _ 
which they lent to the government. The ſocks, as the public 
ſecurities of the Britiſh nation are called, may be compared 
jo the money tranſactions of the Bank of Amſterdam, as they 5 
have been explained by Sir James Stewart. No man who 
lodges treaſure in this Bank, ever expects to ſee it again: 
But he may wh the Bank receipt for it. The Directors of 
this 


| 4 "2m Ro b 
0 222 3 


- annuity mas, doubtleſs, A heavy 8 on 
the land and labour of this iſland: And however 


burdenſome, it was not the only weight that ob- 
ſtructed, in whatever degree, the induſtrious ne” 
in adding accumulation to accumulation, The 
charge of the civil government was then caleulaced. 
as an expence to the people of a million. And che 
peace eſtabliſhment, for the army, nauy, and mif- 
cellaneous ſervices of leſs amount, though of as 
much uſe, may be ſtated at three millions and a 
half, without entering into the controverſy of that 
changeful day, whether it was a few pounds more, 

or a fe- pounds leſs. If it aſtoniſhed Europe to 
ſee Great Britain barrow, . in one year, twelve mil 
liens, and to find taxes to pay the intereſt of ſuch 
"+ rm Ho RE unn of unbounded erpence, 


4 1 


this Bank diſcovered 906. cadets; that if 4 + der of 
ſellers of theſe receipts ſhould at any time be greater than the 


Suyers of them, the value of actual treaſure ſaftiy lodged would a 
depreciate. And it is ſuppoſed, that theſe prudent managers 
| employ brokers to buy up the Bank receipts, when they be- 
gin to fall in their value, from the ſuperabundance of them 


on Change. Apply this rational explanation to the Britiſh 
funds. No creditor of a funded debe can 6k payment of the 


principal at the Treaſury 3 but, he may diſpoſe of his ſtock | 


in be Alley. The principles, which regulate demand and 
ſupply, are equally applicable to the Britiſh funds, as to the 
 ereaſure in the Amſterdam Bank. If there are more ſellers 


than buyers, the price of Rocks will fall: If there are more 
buyers chan ſellers, they will as naturally riſe. And the time 


is now come, when the Britiſh' government ought to employ 


every pound, which can poſſibly be ſaved, in buying: op the : 


N ver var he _ r Youre” as preſs we moſt, | wy 


Py 


ow) e 


e 


were conſtantiy cblle ted, for paying rhe ihtetelt 


of debts; and the charges of government. The 
treaty of 1763 terained Canada, Lobiſtaha- "and 


Florida, on the American continent 3- the Gra- 
nades, Tobago, St. Viticent] And Domifiica; in 


the Welt Indies; and Senegal in Af Wirk- 
out regarding other objects, here Ws wide Held 
opened for rhe attention of intereſt, and tor the 


operations bf avarice. Every man, who had credit 


with the miniſters at home, or influence over the go- 
vernots in the colonies, ran for the prize. of Ames 77S 


LEY, A 


rican territory. And many land- owners in Great 
Britain, of no ſmall importance, neglected the 
poſſeſſions of their fathers, for a portion of wilder- 


nefs, beyond the Atlantic. This was the ſpirit, 


which formerly debilitated Spain, more than the 0 
Peruvian mines; becauſe the Spaniards turned - 


their affections from their country to the Indies. 


With a ſimilar ſpitit, millions of productive capital 
were withdrawn from the agriculture, and manu- 
factures, and trade of Great. Britain, to cultivate 
the ceded iſlands, in the other hemiſphere. Do- 


meſtic occupations were obſtructed conſequently, 
and circulation was ſtopped, in proportion. to the 


ſtocks 155 


aide 0 beben bi on a 
ideas of the teſourtes of Rritaſn, to Wed f. ſariely 
every ith,” ahd re-eſtabliſh eb” Bauteil affairs, 
in no long period After the contlüflon of war: © 5 
But, we zeduinclens of peace proved, unfäp- 
pily, more embartafing to the collectwe mafs of - ns 
an induſtrious nation, than the 'impoſts, which 


* ru 

. %% , E. 
e 
— Tj 
- HR 
SS" $ 2 "7 * 4 2 
r 

* _——_ zo 

oof 3 4 l © SF Wo 


* 


Us 224 y 
1 3 to the induſtry enfeebled; 2 5 
to the ardour turned to leſs falutary objects. 
While. the collective maſs of the people oy 
thus individually injured in their affairs, the ate 
ſuffered equally in its finances." The new, acqui- 
--fitions required the charge of civil governments, 
which was provided for, in the annual. ſupplies, 
but from taxes on che land and labour. of this 
ſand, To defend theſe acquiſitions, . larger and 
more expenſive military eſtabliſnments [became 
now- neceſſary, . though our conqueſts did nat 
vid a penny in return *, And an additional ] 
drain, being thus opened for the circulating mo- 
ney, che opulent men, who generally lend to go- 
vernment, enhanced the price of a commodity, 
which was thus rendered, more valuable, by the 
inceſſant demands of adventurers, who offered the 
uſurious intereſt of the Indies f. The coins did 
Bo not conſequently overflow the coffers of the rich; 5 
the price of the public funds did not Tile, as at 
the former peace, when no ſuch drain exiſted ; 
and the goyernment was unable to make bargains 
: for the public, i in 1 764. equally advantageous, * at 
1 the leſs ſplendid epoch of 4759 r: bn 
In. theſe views of an intereſting. ſubject, <4 
true objection to che peace of 763 Was not, that 


. "There wats — ſmall fams 4 8 1255 1 * annual 
Tupplies from the ſale of lands i in the ceded iſlands, | : 


is : * 1 * r by 
ENS: | a . * 7 a bb 
* K 4 * . Li | | . 
8 14 - 14 
- * - 4 . „ ol , * 
— * 9 45 * * * \ , " = * 
Y . . * , 7:4 
* d * wv * . * 4 . 
' * a 3 x ' 
- of \ = # * \ 5 1 


Or 


x vw 


+l1t was a wiſe policy, therefore, to encourage foreigners 
to o lend wy on the wy of Weſt lndia gnome 5 


we 


0 * 5 
we bed rade e Ernte, "but chat we had e 
too much. Hut che French been altogether exclud 
ed from the fiſneries of Labrador and Newfound- 
land: and ' wholly reſtored to every cofiqueſt,! the 
peace had been perhaps more complete. 'Whes 

| ther the H — could have juſtifeck ſuch a tres! 
7 walls of Parliament, t, or without,” 1 

wn perſonal to chem, and is an ob- 
ject, quite diſtinct in argument. Unhappy \"that 


a Britiſh” miniſter, to defend himſelf rom cla 
mour, maſt generally YER the genuine nts _ 
et egy, ne 


Fortunate it is, 60er, for! Britain, rn 
is a ſpirit in her induſtry, an increaſe in the accu- 
mulations of her induſtrious clafſes, and a pru- 
dence in the economy of her individder citizens, 
which have raiſed her to greatneſs,” and ſuſtain. 
her power, notwithſtanding the waſte of wars, "the / | 
blunders of treaties, and the tumults in peace. 
The people proſpered at the commencement” off 
the preſent reign. They proſpered ſtill mire; hen 
our colonies revolted. And this molt eneigerlc 
nation continues to proſper ſtill. 

If this marvellous proſperity ariſes; From ik 
conſciouſneſs of every one, that bis perſon'is free 
and bis property ſafe,” 6wing to the ſteady opera- 
tion of laws, and to the impartial adminiſtration. of 
juſtice, one of the firſt acts of the preſent reign 
muſt be allowed to have given additional force 
to OR OT: 9 A young Monarch, 


With ; 
5 yg « —* N N : =, 15 


6226 8 
to freedom, which merits the 


* dations that poſterity will nat wirhhold, 
8 : ended from the throne to make the;judges 
1  commillions Jeſs changeful, and their ſalaties more 
* | beneficial. The Parliament Jecqnded the zeal 7 
6 35 af their Sovereign, ig giving efficacy to a mea - 
. ſure, vhich had an immediate tendency, to ſecure 

; every right of individuals, and to give ardpyr to 


all their purſuits. If we continue à brief 

of the laws of the preſent reign, we lle | 
| bly find, that, whatever may have beer neglected, 
much has been done, for protpoting the proſpe- 

rity and populoufneſs of chis iſland. 
Agticulture ought to he the great okject of out 
care, becauſe it is the broad foundation of every 
other eſtabliſhment. . Yet, owing in ſome meaſure 
to the ſearcity of ſeaſons, but much to che clamour 
of the populace, we departed, at the end of che late 
reign, from the ſyſtem which, being formed at 

tbe Revolution, is ſaid to have then given ver- 
dure to our fields... During every ſeſſion, fron 
che demiſe of George II. a law was paſſed for: al- 
lowing the importation of ſalt proviſions from Ire- 
lands for diſcontinuing the duties on tallow, but- 
ger, hogs-lard, and greaſe from Ireland z till, in 
the ;progreſy of our liberality; we made thoſe re- 
Sulations perpetual, which were befare only tem- 


Potary. We prohibited the export of grain, while 

e admitted the importation of it; till, in 1773» 
9 _——_ x e [oF grate 
415 8 and 


Cw, 5 
and conſumers, eee eee 


ſhould in future be free. If hy the foregomng 


meaſures the markets were better ſupplied, the 
induſtrious claſſes muſt have been more abun- 

dantly fed: if prices were forced too low, the 
farmers, and with them huſbandry, muſt have both 


equally ſuffered. A ſteady market is for the in · 5 


tereſt of alli parties, and ought therefore to be the 
im of the legiſlarure. On this principle the Parlia- 
ment ſeems to have acted, when, hy repealing abe 
laws againſt engroſſers, it endeavoured,.in 17725 to 
give a free circulation to the trade in curn. On the 
other hand, various laws were paſſed , for pet 
ſerving timber. and under wood; for encouraging 
the culture of ſhrubs and trees, of roots and plants. 
And additional laws were paſſed fer ſecuriug the 
8 the huſbandman in the produce of his 


frelds, and nee wy wing _ n b 
b. AU SIS FR Fe ot te] Hg il 
The dividing ef commons, 'the — 


with agriculture. Not one law, for any of theſe 
valuable ends, was paſſed in the warlike reign of 
"Sy Wülam. During the hoſtilities of Queen 
Anne one law indeed was enacted. In the reign 
of George I. ſeventeen laws were 2 
fame falucary purpoſe. In the three-and-th 
885 we Dads II. 's reign, there were paſſe s 


14 * 
g - 
x * * BE 345% 4435 $436 » #47 1 15 1 I 188 * E © n & of 


® 20 Gro. UL ch. 393 13 Geo, III. ch. een 


+ 6 Geo. IU. ch. 3—48; 9 Geo. III. . 414. 


41 40 


2 7 8 . hundred 


. 
* 


. 
* 


1 


0 ras I. 9 
hundred and-eighty<two laws; With een 


defign. But, during the : firſt! fourteen? ſeſſions 
of che preſent reign, no leſs than ſeven hundred 


and two acts were obtained, for dividing of com- 


mons, incloſing of waſtes, and draining of marſhes; 
In chis manner was more uſeful territory added 
to the empire, at the expence of individuals, than 
had. been gained by every war ſince the Reyolu- 
tion. In acquiring diſtant . dominions; througgn 
conqueſt, the ſtate is enfeebled, by the — | 

their eſtabliſnments in peace, and by the ſtill more. . | 
enormous.debts; incurred in war, for their defence; 


In gaining additional lands, — | 


wild, improving the barren, and appropriating the 


common, you at once extend the limits of ou¹FHj 


iſland, and make its foil more productive. Let, 
 acercain claſs; of writers. have been ſtudiousoto 
prove, that, by making the common fields more 
| fruitful, the legiſlature has impoveriſhed the poor: 
Connected with agriculture" too is the wailing. 
of roads. The highways of Britain were not equal 
in goodneſs to thoſe of foreign countries, when the 
peace of Aix- la- Chapelle was concluded. From 
chis epoch to the demiſe of George II. great exer- 
tions were certainly uſed to ſupply the inconve- 
nient defect. The firſt fourteen ſeſſions of the 
preſent reign are diſtinguiſhed, not only for col. | 


lecting the various road- laws into one, but for 


enacting no fewer than four hundred and fifty- two 
acts for repairing the highways of different diſ- 
dun If, o this employment of man y hands, no- 

1 


Ze 120 33 
was added- to the extent . country, 
every: field, and every village, within it, were 
brought, by a a ee W + ET 
each other.. 3 

In the ſame manner din ops n 
and promote manufactures, by offering a mode 
of carriage at once cheaper and more certain. 

A very early attention had been paid to the navi- 
gation of our rivers: from tbe Revolution to the 

demiſe of George II. many ſtreams had been 
made navigable. But, a ſtill greater number have 
been rendered more commodious to commerce, in 
the preſent reign, excluſive of the yet more valua- 
ble improvement of canals. And, during the firſt 
fourteen ſeſſions of this reign, nineteen acts were 
i paſſed for making artificial navigations, includ- 
ing thoſe ſtupendous works, the Bridgewater, the - 
Trent, and the Forth canals; which, by Joining 
the Eaſtern and Weſtern ſeas, and; by connecting 
almoſt every, manufacturing town with the n 
emulate the Roman labour. 

In this period too, many of our e 8 
3 ſecured, and improved: many of our 
cities, including the metropolis of our empire and 
our trade, were paved, cleanſed, and lighted. And; 

without including the bridges that have been built, 
for domeſtic improvement can, with no truth, or 
propriety, be deemed the works of an inactive age, 
or f. a abe Nope 


; 2 $44 $3 218 „ 1 W”— 
SET * | If 
48 11 ' 25 * 8 7 N * 
a —— Ab" - 8 : 
F 
1 
6 tre 
ll ATIAE; 


3 — 
1 
x * A 


| ; 4 
apr"; * BY „ 3 4.4 4 > n 1 þ 
= YI 4; EO ˙ So ERS 


_ 


FIRE 
— i pts * * 5 — - 

ora — — — 

* — —— nc wr — — A me — 

— —— — ̃— —!— , — 
4 n i ” 
q 3 * 8 
— 
« ” ' ; 


— ug Aero ee 


their encouragement, ſome with greater efficacy 

and fome with Jeſs. . It was a wiſe policy to pro- 
Cure the materials of our manufactures at the 
.. Cheapeſt rate. A tax was laid on foreign linens, 
in order to provide a fund, for raiſing hemp and 
flax at home; while bounties were given on theſe 
neceſſary articles from our colonies, and the boun- 


the manufacture of cambricks within our iſland. 


( 230) 


If frotn agriculture we turn our attention to 


manufactures, we ſhall find many laws enacted for 


ty on the exportation of hemp was withdrawn. 
The impoſts on foreign linen yarn were withdrawn. 
Bounties were given on Britiſh linen cloth export- 
ed; while the making of cambricks was promoted, 
partly by prohibiting the foreign, and partly by 
giving freſh incentives, though without ſucceſs, to 


Indigo, cochineal, and log- wood, the neceſſaries 
of dyers, were allowed to be freely imported. 
And the duty on oak-bark imported was lowered, 
in order to accommodate the tanners. It is to be 
lamented, that the ſtate of the public debts does 
not admit the abolition of every tax on materials 
of manufacture, of whatever country: this would 
be a meaſure ſo much wiſer, than giving prohibi- 
tions againſt foreign manufactures, which never 
fail to bring with them eee a erg 
poly; a worſe commodity, at a higher price. 
The importation of ſilks and velvets of foreign 
countries was however prohibited, while the wages 


and combinations of ſilk-weavers were reſtrained; 


8 Vn 7 8 mou 
MVSEVM 
BRITANNICVM 


| 


(11 ) 


though the price of Gena was not regulated, 
in favour of every conſumer. i The workers in 
leather were equally favoured, by ſimilar means. 
The plate-glaſs manufacture was encouraged, by 
erecting a corporation for carrying it on. The 
making of utenſils from gold and ſilver was fa- 
voured, by appointing wardens to detect every 
fraud. And the law, which had been made, dur- 
ing the penury of King William's days, for pre- 
venting innkeepers from uſing any other plate 
than ſilver ſpoons, was repealed in 1769, when 
we had made a very extenſive progreſs in the ac- 
quiſition of ne, 775 in 5 taſte for 5 15 
ing it. 

The moſt ancient ſtaple of this inand was, by | 


prudent regulations in the fabricks of wool,” ſent 


to foreign ions; & eons in er at 2 
lower price. 5290000 
General induſtry was Incinid! by various means; 
which probably had their effect. Apprentices, 
and workers for hire, were placed under the juriſ⸗ 
diction of magiſtrates, who were empowered to 
enforce by correction the performance of con- 
tracts. Sobriety was at the ſame time preſerved, 
by reſtraining the retail of ſpirituous liquors. But, 
above all, that law muſt have been attended with 
the moſt powerful effect, which was made © for | 
the more effectual preventing of abuſes by per- 
ſons employed in the manufacture of hats, wool- 
len, linen, fuſtian, cotton, iron, leather, fur, 
hemp; flax, mohair, and filk-; for reſtraining un- 
* A 2 | lawful 


een #)- - 
lawful combinations of every one working in ſuch 
manufactures ; and for the better payment of their 
wages.“ This law muſt be allowed to contain the 
moſt powerful incitements of the human heart; 
when we confider too, that the aſſize of bred Was 
at the ſame time regulated. ; + 
If from a review of a ee e we "inſpect 

. our ſhipping, we ſhall perceive regulations equally 
. uſeful. The whale-fiſheries of the river St. Law- 
rence and Greenland were encouraged by boun- 
ties, together with the white herring fiſhery along 
the coaſts of our iſland. Foreigners were ex- 
cluded, by additional penalties, from holding 
ſhares in Britiſh ſhips. And oak-timber was pre- 
ſerved, by new laws, for the uſe of the royal navy. 
The voyages of diſcovery, which do ſo much ho- 
nour to the preſent reign, though they did not 
proceed from any act of the legiſlature, may be 
regarded as highly beneficial to navigation, whe- 
ther we conſider the improvement of nautical 
ſcience, or the ee, of the, mariner's 
| health., 

But, all theſe encouragements gd deen g given 
in vain, had not the courſe of circulation been kept 
full and current, and the coin timefully reformed. 
New medes were preſcribed by Parliament for 
the recovery of ſmall debts in particular diſtricts. 

Additional remedies were adminiſtered for reco- 
vering payment on bills and other mercantile ſecu- 
rities in Scotland. And the iſſuing of the notes 
of bankers: was rendered more commodious and 
| | Ker 


6330 


ſafe. The ĩmportation of the light ſilver coin of 
this realm was prohibited; and what was of more 
importance, every tender of Britiſh ſilver coin, in 
the payment of any ſum more than five-and- 
twenty pounds, otherwiſe than by weight, at five 
ſhillings and two pence per ounce, was declared 
unlawful. This admirable principle, ſo Juſt in i its 
theory, and ſo wiſe in its practice, was, about the 
ſame time, applied to the gold coin. ' And the gold: 
coins were recalled, and re-coined to an unexpected 
amount, and ordered to paſs current by weight. 
This meaſure, which does equal honour to the 
contriver, to the adviſer, and to the executor, has 
been attended with all the ſalutary effects, that 
were foretold, as to our domeſtic circulation, our 
foreign trade, and to our W with the 
commercial world. 

The laws, which were: thus paſſed, from the | 
acceſſion of his preſent Majeſty to the æra of the 
colonial revolt, had produced the moſt beneficial 
effects on our agriculture and manufactures, on 
our commerce and navigation, had not the ener- 
getic ſpirit, that actuated our affairs at the peace 
of 1763, continued to incite the induſtrious claſſes, 
and to accumulate their daily acquiſitions. If 
any one chooſes, to appeal from general reaſonings, 
to particular facts, let him examine the following | 
proofs ; 


* i | 4 Ships 


— — — * —— 
— a ne ee 
Ew — — —— — — 2 — 
* 


Fs ( 14 ) 
renn dip cleared outwards, © | | Wear al 
1764 aha. Do foreign. 31 Tel „ iK. 
en - 798,008 - e 14925,950 


| bs yr Nn - . k : E 


1 Ga ee e had wind in _ Pe 
nient period, more than a hundred and fifty thou- 
ſand tons a year, and our foreign traffic had riſen 


almoſt a million in annual worth. The groſs, re- 


venue of the poſt- office, which, ariſing from a 
greater or leſs correſpondence, forms, according 
to Anderſon, a politico- commercial index, amounted 

in 1764 te 288388, 
in 1774 to 3432321. 


Yet, proſperous as our affairs had been, during 


che ſhort exiſtence of the peace of 1569; they 


were repreſented,” by an analogous ſpirit to that 
of 1738, either of deſigning faction, or of unin- 
formed” folly, as in an alarming ſituation.” The 


ſtate of things, it was faid, is approaching to an 


awful criſis. - The navigation and commerce, by 
which we roſe to power and opulence, are much 
en the decline. Our taxes are numerous and hea- 
vy. and proviſions are * An enormous na- 


. But the franking of letters had have now 5 = 
other improvements had been meantime made, 


tional 


7 135: ). 


tional debt threatens: dhe ruin, gf public credit. 
Luxury has ſpread its baneful- influence among 

all ranks of people; yet, luxury is neceſſary to 
raiſe a revenue to ſupply. the exigencies of the 
ſtate. Our labouring poor are forced by hard ne- 
ceſſity to ſeek that comfortable ſubſiſtence in diſ- 
tant climes, which their induſtry at home cannot 
procure them. And the mother- country holds 
the rod over her children, the colonies, and, by 
her threatening aſpect, is —_ to drive n to 
en meaſures * ; 


WIEN, owing: to the native habits” and ac- 
quired confidence of her colonĩes; to the ancient 
neglects, and continued indulgence of Britain; 
to the incitements of party- men, and to the im- 
becility of rulers; the nation found berſelf at 
length obliged to enter into a ſerious conteſt; with 
her tranſatlantic provinces, ſhe happily enjoyed all 
the advantages of a buſy) manufacture, of a vi- 
gorous commerce, of a moſt extenſive navigation, 
and of a productive revenue. Of theſe: animat- 
ing truths we ſhall receive ſufficient convitionycby | 
exueniningy the following particular? 
After liquidating every claim ſubſequent to the 
peace of 1763, and funding every debt,. by af 
ſigning an half-yearly: intereſt! for every principal, 


* See Gent. May, 177 4. P. 3135 ac. 
K 4 the 


(36 y 

the public enjoyed an armual ſurplus from the pub- 
lic impoſts of two millions two hundred thouſand 
pounds, i in 1764. From 1765 co 1570, this ſink- 
ing fund accumulated to L. 2,266,246. And from 
1770 to 17785 the ſurpluſes of all our taxes amount- 
ed annually to the vaſt ſum of J. 2,651,455; 
which having riſen, in 1775 and 1776, to three 

millions and upwards, proved a never, failing re- 
ſource, amid the financial embarraſſments of the 
enſuing war. Theſe facts alone furniſh the / moſt 
ſatisfactory evidence of the great conſumption of 
the collective maſs of the people, and of their 
ability to conſume, from their active labours and 
accumulating opulence. 

Let, during the proſperous period of the peace, 
there were only diſcharged _ the capital of the 
national debt . 10, 739,793. 

And there remained; es every di- 
Wen when the war of the colonies began, in 
1775 (135,943,061; 
Where was a to who public. — — 
creditors an annuity f (L. 4,440, 82 1.“ 


The ſtock of the Bank of England roſe mean 
while from 113 per cent. in July 1964, to 143 
per cent. in July 1774: and diſcounts on the 
bills of the navy fell from 6 f per cent. at the firſt 
epoch, to 1 + at the ſecond. The reform of the 
coin turned the nominal exchanges on the ſide af 


9 Dr, Price, and Mr. Sinclair, 
Britain, 


C/) e 
pony which were in 3 bot. ? 
tilities began, owing to the flouriſhing ſtate of our 
= and the advantageous courſe of our general 
payments. And the price of bullion fell, becauſe- 
the ſupply was ſuperior to the demand. From 
the foregoing notices, an able ſtateſman might 
have inferred beforehand, that Great Britain never 
poſſeſſed ſuch reſources for a vigorous war. And 
this truth may be aſſerted without fear of contra- 
diction, and without appealing to the immenſity 
of ſubſequent ſupplies, for . nr proofs 
of the fa. 
The ſurplus produce of the land and labour of 
England alone, which, being exported to foreign 
countries, might have been applied to the uſes 
of war, amounted to C. 15,613,003, Scconding 
to an average of the years 1772—3—-4. | 
The Britiſh ſhipping, which were chiefly em- 
ployed i in exporting this immenſe cargo, and which 
were eaſily converted into tranſports, to armed 
ſhips, and to privateers, amounted annually to 
795,943 tons: and this extenſive nurſery furniſhed 
the royal navy with mariners-of unequalled {kill 
and bravery, during a naval war, in the laſt year 
of which, the Parliament voted: a * and ten 
thouſand ſeamen, © + E een 
We may calculate ow ie ts 
in population, RY from additional ewpley. 


. There was moreover 8 by * from ste at he 
ſame time, an annual cargo of 'the value of 4. 551 5.025, if 
We may n the Cuſtom-houſe books, 


Lak: 


et ben were in e eee 
of the colonial revolt, full 25860. O00 fighting. 
. Rn uo 200103 cronangrbe vdt fog mi 
By eramining the; following. details, we thall 
acquire ideas ſufficiently .preciſe, of the royal navy, 
both before and after os war of. the ealggics be- 
gan: 210010 d HN £ 
Ter oel fleet carried it in 1754 528972 2565 tons: 
E002 4's; in 1760 Torr” 399,416. 
vida $85 753 in L774 — „ 


482 


220 3 


"of the king's pe. — in 1774. nn 
were found, on the day of trial, unfit for actual 

ſervice. By an effort, however, which Britain alone 

| could have made, there were added t to the royal 
ry navy, during fix years of war, from 1775 to 
| 1781 :=. 


— — 


[ 
[ 
4 
1 
'4 
| 
'+E 
[ 
| 

i 


+. Þ we 


e aff 
Of the line, | With fries, 44 carrying 3,062 and 56,144 
Twenties to forty-fours, 110 — 3.331 — 53,350 

Sloop . — 2555 © 77, 376160, 


—— —ů— 
25 # M4 1 ; VS. 4 y "© ö 
re 0 | _ . 


en a \ Gmilar ofa. 3 A years of; the Re- 
volution-war, England was only able to add to 
her naval force 11,368 tons. And thus was there 
a greater fleet fitted out, during the uncommon 
embarraſſments of the colony - war, than King 
William, or Queen Anne, or even than King 
George I. perhaps ever poſſeſſed, Of ſeveral of 
theſe we were unhappily deprived, either by the 
- misfortunes incident to navigation, or by the good 
2 fortune 


8 


Fo 


(aw) 


fortune of our enemies, Let, we had in 3 
fion, in January 1783, the fleet, whoſe power will 
be moſt clearly perceived from the following de · 
tail “; when it is remembered, that there were 
voted for the eee s en 


ten n ſeamen. + buy 
Ships. Guns. Web b unde 
20 of - 80 to 18 ene 
44 of - 74 286, 118 


45 f 60 to 88 «+ "24440 
18 of ˖ f 30% 656468 
wh. Frigates above 30 « 13.765 
7 Yb Ditro under 30 — 8,5681 
110 Sloops of 18, abs Se; - 11,260" 
15 Fireſhips las bombs. eee 
26 Armed ſhips, hired. 
393 pn rp n No 
Such was the naval force of Great Britain, which, 
after a violent ſtruggle, broke, in the end, the con- 
joined fleets of France, Spain, and Holland. The 
privateers of Liverpool, which have been already 
ſtated, alone formed a greater fleet than the armed 
W were ever _ to equips Owing to what | 


l $ "ey, 


* The ao aternent, though in a Aber form, was 
officially laid before the Houſe of Commons, at the debate on 
the peace. Beſides the ſhips in the lift of the Navy-board, 
there were ſeventeen, from 60 to 98 guns; ready to-: be com- 
miſhoned. Steel ſtates, in his Naval Chronology, the force 

4 5 | of 


— — ans © OG —— — — 
OP Ee 1 
5 — 
1 


| ( pp )  * | 
fatality, or to what cauſe, it was, that the 4 
ſtrength of Britain did not beat down the colonial 


inſurgents, not in one campaign, but in three, it is 
the buſineſs of hiſtory to explain. It may be mean- 
time obſerved, that a war carried on in jef, with- 


out any defirable object, ought naturally to meet 


obſtructions, and to end in diſappointment. 
It is now time to enquire into the loſſes of our 
trade from the war of thoſe colonies, Which had 
been planted and nurſed with a mother's we, for 
the excluſive benefit-of our commerce. 

If it was not much interrupted by 4 privateers 
of the malcontents, we loſt whole mercantile fleet 


to our enemies. And it muſt be admitted, that 


in the courſe of no war, ſince that of the Reyo- 
lution, were our ſhipping. ſo much deranged, or 
our traffic ſo far driven from its uſual channels. 


of the fleets of Great Britain, n Spain, nal Holland, 
at the . of the wars as under: 


"207 8 ; | — | of the' a AE Ouns. 5 

Ann Gps M o us" tarrying 10,132 | 
- DeduR thoſe nn en., 14 7 2 %% 
et eg e i, "8,184 

27 TTY a 1 N „ ; 3 % — ä 

— qe cold 11 ττ gl8: 
- Semi. o - 67 — 4.720 
Dutch - 1 — 33 — 2,006 
| 

z crores; 271 821 „ Mae, a wan 12,574 
1 ding thoſe manting repair, — 12 — 25,928 
; 5 —— — 


ben than Great hn 15 — 1462 


— —————— 


But, 


( 5 
But, we ſhall ſee the preciſe ſtate n. of rey by a 


tending to the ers details: 5%" ee 5 | 
1 
; Yeart. : "Skips cleared e, cargoes. 


Tons Eng. Do foreign. Total. f. 


In — Lee - 6j - Ps Wer 


American I, mW 760,798 - 73,34 * 467 115 
| 77 


French war = 1778 657,238 = 98,113 = 733,381 = [1135515070 
Spaniſh war — 1779 $90,911 
13730 619,462 = 124,515 = 7532977 = 11,622,333 
Dutch war — 1781 $547,953 = 163410 = 711,363 = 10,369, 187 
182 $52,851 = 208,511 = 761,362 2,355, 80 


— — — — 1 —— 


If we review this ſatisfactory evidence, we ſhall 
probably find, that there were annually employed, 


when the colony-war began, more than one hun- 
dred and fifty thouſand tons of Britiſh ſhipping, 
than had been yearly employed during the proſ- 
perous years 1764—5—6; and that we annually 
exported of merchandizes, in the firſt-mentidned 
period more than in the laſt, little leſs than a mil- 
lion in value: That the colonial conteſt little af. 
fected our foreign commerce, if we may judge 


from the decreaſed ſtate of our ſhipping * ; but, 


if we draw our inference from the dininithes va- 
lue of exported cargoes, we ſeem to have Joſt 
L. 1,751,190. a year; which formed, probably, 
the real amount of the uſual export to the difcon- 
5 tented provinces: And the inconſiderable decreaſe 
in the numbers of our outward ſhipping; - with the 


. 3 entered inwardd of ſhips belonging to the 


revolted colonies, 34,587 tons, actorting to an . of the 
Jean 1771-2 —3—4. | 
2 - fall 


2399124 = 7394035 = 12,693,430 | 


1759 
1779 


1760 
— 
1764, 
1781 


1762 


5 4 4 cargoes conſiſted, juſtify a ſhrewd remark of 


Mr. Eden's, © that, in the latter period, it may be 
doubted, whether the dexterity of exporters, which, 

in times of regular trade, occaſions oſtentatious 
entries, may not, in many inſtances, have operated 


to under-valuations.” It was the alarm created by 


the interference of France, that firſt Interrupted 
our general commerce, though our navigation and 
trade, in 1778, were ſtill a good deal more, than 
yp average of both, in 1755—6—7, The pro- 

ity, of our foreign traffic, during the war of 
1755, at leaſt from the year 1758, is a fact, in 


our commercial annals, which has excited the a- 


mazement of the world. Yet, let us fairly con- 
traſt both our ſhipping and our trade, great as 


they were aſſuredly, during the firſt period, and 
little as Ag have been ſuppoſed to. be, during 
the laſt: | 


Years. ' Tons Eng. Do foreign. Total, 
1758. 
1778 


— — 


Ships cleared outwards, | ; Value of cargoes. 


- 389,842 - 116,002 - 505,844 - 12,618,335 
- 657,238 - 98,113 - 755,351 - 11,551,070 


- 406,335 - 121,016 - 527,351 - 13,947,788 
- 590,911 - 139,124 730,035 - 12,693,430 


- 471,241 - 102737 573,978 - 14,639,970 
- 619,462 - 134,515 - 753,977 - 11,622,333 


— —2—ͤ— 


75 508,220 - 117,835 - 626,055 - 1448734191 
- 5475953 © 163,410 - 711,363 - 10,569,187 


— "5 ao" 


-. 480,444 - 120,126 - 600,570 - 13,545,171 


I782 - 552,851 - 208,511 - 761,362 12,388,750 


What 


{9g ” - 

What had occurred from ein irkuptth- 
our foregoing wars, equally occurred from t 
ſtill greater embarraſſments of the — 
Temporary defalcations were, in the ſame manner, 

ſaid to be infallible ſymptoms of a fatal decline. 
In the courſe of former hoſtilities, we have ſeen 
our navigation and commerce preſſed down to a 
certain point, whence both gradually roſe, even be- 
fore the return of peace removed the incumbent 
preſſure. All this an accurate eye may perceive, 


amid the commercial diſtreſſes of the laſt war. 
There was an evident tendency in our traffic to 


riſe in 1779, till the Spaniſh war impoſed an ad- 


ditional burden. There was a ſimilar tendency in 


1780, till the Dutch war added, in 178 1, no in- 
conſiderable weight. And the year 178 f, accord- 
ingly, marks the loweſt degree of depreſſion, both 


of our navigation and our commerce, during the 


war of our colonies. But, with the ſame vigorous 
ſpirit, they both equally roſe, in 1782, as they 
had riſen in former wars, to a ſuperiority over our 
navigation and commerce, during the year, we 
in hoſtilities with France began. | 

We have beheld, too, on the return of contin 
peace, the ſpring of our traffic rebound with 
mighty force. A conſiderate eye may ſee this in 


1783 and 1784, though the burdens of war were 


then removed with a much more tardy hand. 


Twenty years before, the preliminaries of peace 


were ſettled, in November 1762, and the defini- 
tive treaty with France and Spain was ſigned on 
the 


0 


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Um) 


| hs tenth of F ebruary thereafter : ſo that com- 


plete tranquillity was reſtored early in 17563. Bur, 
owing to the greater number and variety of belli- 
gerent powers, the laſt peace was fully eſtabliſhed 
by much flower ſteps. The proviſional articles 


were ſettled with the ſeparated colonies in Novem- 
ber 1782. The preliminaries with France and 
Spain were adjuſted in January 1783. The de- 


finitive treaty with both, and with the United 
States of America, was ſigned on the third of Sep- 


tember 1783. Though an armiſtice was agreed 


on with Holland, in February 1783, preliminaries 
were not ſettled till September thereafter, yet the 


definitive treaty was not ſigned till the twenty- 


fourth of May 1784. And with Tippoo Saib, who 
was no mean antagoniſt, peace was not concluded 
till March 1784. It was not however till July 
2734, that we offered thanks to the Almighty, for 


reſtoring to a haraſſed, though not an exhauſted 
nation, the greateſt. * which the ee; 
can beſtow. 


To theſe dates, and to theſe: Re we 
muſt carefully attend, in forming comparative eſti- 
mates of our navigation and commerce, of the 
price of the public ſtocks, or of the progreſs of our 
financial operations. With theſe recollections con- 


ſtantly in our mind, we ſhall be able to form ſome 


accurate reflections, from the following details: 


( 1460 


Bpochs. Ships cleared outwards. © Value of cargoes. | 

1749 Tons Eng. Do foreign. Total; L. 
HE 51,386 — 6615184 = 12,599,102 

-. Is 

1764 


4 en- 68 — 68. . — 708,008 — 14925,950 

66 | : 

1772 Io | 
73 (795,943 6232 s 860,175 — 15·613. 0g ; 
743 

1783 795,669 = 157,969 = 953.648 - = 13,851,671 

84 55 2 113,064 = = 959,419 = 14,171,375 


1 n — 


If we examine the fabloined ſtate of the Poſt· of- 
fice revenue, we ſhall find ſupplemental proofs. 
The groſs income of the poſts. amounted, in the 
year, ending the 25 March 17 55, to . 210,663, 
| the 5 April 1765, to- 281,535, 
the © 5 April 1775, to- 343,321, 
the 5 April e — "452404: 


The foregoing ſlatements will Fes farvith 
every honeſt mind with comfortable thoughts. 
From theſe accurate details we perceive, with ſuf- 
ficient conviction, how ſuperior both our naviga- 
tion and our commerce were, in 1783 and 1784, 
when peace had ſcarcely returned, to the extent of 
both, after the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, an epoch 
of boaſted proſperity. We employed in our traf- 
fic, in the year 1784, THREE HUNDRED THOUSAND 
roxs more than we employed, according to an 
average of 1749—50—51, excluſive of the ſhipping 
of ere to no ſmall amount. Of Britiſb ſhips, 

L we 


(16) 


we kapplly employed, in 1784, WO HUNDRBD 
THOUSAND TONS, more than our navigation em- 


| ployed | in 1764, though the veſſels of our reyolted 


colonies, amounting yearly to 35,000 tons, had 


been juſtly excluded from our traffic, in the laſt 


period, but not in the firſt: The value of exported 
cargoes from England was, at both epochs, nearly 


equal; though 1784 can ſcarcely be called a com- 
| plete year of peace, and every induſtrious people 


had been admitted within the circle of a commerce, 
which we had almoſt ruined the fate, to make 


_ excluſively ours. The value of our exportations, in 


1784, was not indeed equal to the amount of our 
Exports in 1764, but they were ſuperior to the va- 
lue of exported cargoes in 1766, 1767, and 1969 *. 


If we compare 1784, when we had hardly reco- 


vered from a-war, avowedly carried on againſt com- 
merce, with 1774, when we had enjoyed uncom- 


mon proſperity during ſeveral years of peace, we 


ſhall ſee no cauſe of apprehenſion, but many reaſons 
of hope; the number of Britiſh ſhips was much 
greater, in 1784, than they had been in 1774, 
after we had wiſely excluded the American veſſels 
from the protection of the Britiſh flag, of which 


the revolted coloniſts had ſhewn themſelves un- 


worthy. The value of cargoes exported: at both 


periods are ſo nearly equal, as not to merit much 


conſideration, far leſs to excite our fears. 
Yet the government was about the ſame time 


Fee the 3 Table for a proof of the fas. 
\ confidently 


5 6) 
confidently told *, that unleſs the American ſhips 
ping were allowed to be our carriers, our traffic muſt 
ſtop for want of tranſperts: And the nation, for 
years, had been factiouſly informed, that the inde- 
pendence of the malecontent colonies muſt prove, 
at once, the deſtruction of our commerce, and the 
downfall of our power.. 

It was the prevalence of this Knicken, that 
chiefly generated the colony war, fo productive of 
many evils, which, like the other evils of life, have 

brought with them a happy portion of good. Yet, 
the fallacy of this ſentiment had been previouſly 
ſhewn, and the effects of the abſolute independence 
of our. tranſatlantic provinces had been clearly 
foretold. Experience has at length decided be 
fact. For, by comparing the exports to the diſcon - 
tented colonies, before the war began, with the ex- 
ports to the United States, after the admiſſion of 
their independence, it will appear, from the fol- 
lowing detail, that we now ſupply them with ma · 
nufactures to a greater amount, than even in the 
moſt proſperous times: Thus, 


He Exports. Imports. 

In 17% , 2 Le 
; 72 — 3064843 — 1,322,323 
739 k | 


In 1784 — 43359864f— 701, 189. 


Yet, the exportations of the years 1771—2—3 
were beyond example great, becauſe the coloniſts 
® By the Committee of Weſt-India Merchants, in 1783. 

T F rom the Cuſtom-houſe books, : | 
L 3 wete 


ns 
5 vete even | then preparing for ſubſequent events, 
and the exporters were induced to make their 
entries at the cuſtom-houſe, partly by their va- 
nity, perhaps as much by their factiouſteſs. 
We may reaſonably hope then, to hear no more 
of our having loſt the American commerce, by the 
independence of the United States. From the 
epoch that we have met induſtrious competitors in 
their ports, we have had too much reaſon to com- 
plain of having rather traded too much with a peo- 
ple, who attempt to be great pot without great 
capitals. | 

Connected with the We trade is the New- 
foundland fiſhery. Of this Doctor Price aſſerts, in 
his uſual ſtyle of depreciation and deſpondence, 
that wwe ſeem to have totally loft it. The ſubjoined. 
detail, by eſtabliſhing ſome authentic facts, will give 
riſe, however, to more animating concluſions. Con- 
traſt the Newfoundland fiſhery, as it was annually 
ſtated, ſubſequent to the peace of 1763, by Ad- 
miral Palliſer, and as it was equally repreſented, 
after the peace of 178 35 by Admiral Campbell: 


Couranarivs STATE of the NewrounDLAND FisHERT. 


— — —— — 

In 1264 1784— 1765 - 1785 

There were Britiſh fing ſhips - 141 - 236 — 177 293 
Britiſh trading ſhips - 97 - 60 — 116 = 85 

| Coleny ſhips - - = oy — 50 — om - 58 


Tonnage of Britiſh fſhing ſhips » 16079 - 225555 — 17,268 - - 26,528 
« of Britiſh trading ſhips = 11,924 - 6,299 — 14,353 - 9.202 


e ſhips - - - 13,837 - 4,202 — 6,927 6, 260 
e ee 


— — — — — — — 


- 


Thus, 


2 | 
( 149 ) 

Thus, by excluding the fiſhers of the revolted 
colonies,” we enjoy at preſent a more extenſive fiſh- 
ery for the. mariners of Great Britain, who, being 
ſubject to our influence, or our power, may ealily 
be brought into action, when their efficacious aid 
becomes the moſt neceſſary. From thoſe colonies a 
hundred and fifteen ſloops and ſchooners uſed annu- 
ally to bring cargoes of rum, melaſſes, bread, flour, 
and other proviſions, to Newfoundland, for which 
the coloniſts were paid in bills of exchange on Bri- 
tain . To acquire this traffic for Britiſh merchants 
is alone a conſiderable advantage, which we derive | 
from the independence of the United States. A- 
bout twelve huudred ſailors were accuſtomed to 
emigrate, every ſeaſon, from Newfoundland to 
the ſeparated colonies; where, whatever they might 
gain, their uſefulneſs to Britain was loſt. This 
drain, which is now ſhut up, is perhaps a ſtill 
greater benefit. 

Our Greenland fiſnery, which gives employment 
to ſo many uſeful people, both by land and ſea, 
has been equally promoted by the abſolute indepen- 
dence of the United States; as their oil and other 
marine productions no longer enter into competition 
with our own. Thus, there ſailed to the Greenland | 
ſeas ; ; 


Admiral Palliſer's official report. 


L a 2c, 6, Yoars, 


—— — 


= _ — . Lg IE — — —„— * — — — — > __—— — * — — — — n 
— — — * 2 © F* _ ———— _ _ | = . 
4» I F 


— , 
1 


j 
* 
b 
1 


— > EW LI OAT Ar > __ 
% 


( neo ) 
Tears. ' Ships. "Years, Ships. 
From England 1772 30 — in 1782- 38 
1773 - 55 — 1762-47 
1774 - 656 — 1784- 89 
5 et 1775 95 — 1785-140. 
From Scotland -  - — 1785-13 
| | a tn. 
From this accurate detail we perceive, then, how © 
much this important fiſhery flouriſhes, which had 
been heretofore depreſſed by various competitors®. 
\ Yet, the malecontent coloniſts, who had long 


been the active competitors of their fellow-ſubje&ts 


in Great Britain, were accuſtomed to think, that 
this iſland could not exiſt without the gains of their 
commerce. Foreign powers equally thought, that 
they could ruin the affairs of Great Britain, by 


contributing to their independence. And to this 


ſource alone may be traced up one of the chief 
cauſes of the colony war and of the interference of 
foreigners, But, were we to ſearch the annals of 
mankind, we ſhould not find an example of ho- 
ſtilities, which being commenced in oppoſition to 
the genuine intereſt of che belligerent parties, were 
continued for years in contradiftion to common 


| ſenſe. 


* The Britiſh fiſhery to Greenland has gained a manifeſt 
ſuperiority over that of the Dutch, which was once ſo conſi- 


derable. In 1781 and 1782 the Dutch ſent no ſhips to the 
| Greenland ſeas: k | 


And in 178g only 55 ſhips. 
an 1784 = $39 
in 1785 = 65 


The 


6 

The leaders of the malecoritents ſeem at length 
| diſpoſed to admit, that being hurried on by paſſion, 
they facrificed their commerce and their' happi- 
neſs to factious prejudices and to unmeaning words. 
Had they been ſufficiently acquainted with their 
own intereſts, and governed by any prudence, 
they might, before the war began, have retained a 
participation in Britiſh privileges, and the protec- | 
tion of Britiſh power, by verbally admitting, that 
they were the fellow - ſubjects of the Britiſh people, 
without being really incumbered with any burden. 
And they might have thereby gained the preſent 
independence of Ireland, with the invaluable parti» 
cipations of Ireland; which, to eſtimate juſtly, we 
ought” only to. ſuppoſe retracted for a loch or 
even loſt for a day. "HY 

It is, indeed, fortunate for us, that the French 
were ſo much blinded, by the ſplendour of giving 
independence to the Britiſh colonies, as not to ſee 
diſtinctly how much their interpoſition and their aid 
promoted the real advantage of Great Britain. When 
the colony-war began, the true intereſt of France 
_ conſiſted in protracting the entanglements, which 
neceſſarily reſulted from the virtual dependence of 
thirteen diſtant communities, claiming ſeparate. 
and ſovereign rights; and which had continued to 
enfeeble the Britiſh government by their preten- 
ſions, their clamours, and their oppoſition, till the 
diſſatisfied provincials had, in the fulneſs of time, 
ſeparated themſelves, without any effort on their 


part, or any ſtruggle on the ſide of Great Britain. 25 


From theſe embarraſſments the French have how- 
L 4 ever 


( 152 ) 
ever freed, by their impolicy, the rival nation . 
And they have even conferred on the people, 
whom they wiſhed to depreſs, actual ſtrength, by 
refloring, unconſciouſly, the ſhip-building, . the 
freights, and the fiſheries; of which the coloniſts had 
too much partaken, and which, with other facili- 
ties, have reſulted to the mother country from the 
abſolute independence of the American ſtates. 
Spain, perhaps, as little attended to her genuine 
intereſts, when ſhe lent her aid to the aſſocjated 
powers, which enabled the revolted colonies to 
take their free and equal ſtation among the ſo- 
| vereign nations of the earth. She might have 
0 - truſted to the hopes and fears of a Britiſh Mi- 
niſter, for the ſecurity of her tranſatlantic em- 
pire. But, within the American States, where 
can ſhe place her truſt ? The citizens of theſe ſtates 
have already, with their uſual enterprize, pene- 
trated to the banks of the Miſſiſippi. And this 
active people even now bound on Louiſiana and 
Mexico; and may even now, by intrigue, or 
force, ſhake the fidelity, or acquire the opulence, 
of theſe extenſive territories. | 
- When the Dutch, by departing from their uſual 
caution, interpoſed i in the quarrel, every intelligent 
European perceived, that the diſcontented colonies 
muſt neceſſarily be independent. And it was equal- 
ly. apparent, that every advantage of their traffic 
muſt have ſoon been acquired, by the more in- 
duſtrious nations, without the riſque of unneigh- 
bourly interference, and ſtill more, without the 
charge of actual hoſtilitieg. 


PL , 
© F W 
7 : ; | 


* 


When 


( 153 ) 

When all parties became at length weary of a 
war, which had thus been carried on contrary to 
their genuine intereſts, a peace was made. What- 
ever advantages of commerce, or of revenue, may. 
have reſulted from this memorable event to the 
other belligerent powers, certain it is, that though 
Great Britain contracted vaſt debts, and loſt many 
lives in the conteſt, ſhe derived from the inde- 
pendence of the American States many benefits, 
excluſive of peace, the greateſt of all benefits, 

Had Great Britain, like Spain, received any 
public revenue from - her. tranſatlantic territories, 
ſhe had doubtleſs loſt this income by the inde- 
pendence of her Colonies. If Great Britain has 
thereby loſt ſovereignty. without juriſdiction, ſhe_ 
has freed herſelf from the charges of protecting 
an extenſive coaſt, without deducting any thing 
from her naval ſtrength ; ſince the colony ſailors 
were protected by poſitive ſtatute * from being 
forced into the public ſervice. While this nation 
has ſaved the annual expence of great military 
and civil eſtabliſhments, it can hardly be ſaid to 
have loſt any commercial profits. And, by ex- 
cluding the citizens of the United States from their 
accuſtomed participation in the gainful buſineſs of 
ſhip-building, freights, and fiſhery, Great Britain 
has, in fact, made conſiderable additions to her 


The 6th Anne, which had conferred the above-mentioned 
| exemption, was indeed repealed at the commencement of the 


naval 


„ e 


* —_— = = _ EE en IE — —— — = 
E 
—'— — . — —— — — ea c_enogr wanton —_—_—__—_— — 
— 3 


| bones of public accounts, 


„ 
naval power. Thus, the means, which were uſed 
to enfeeble this country, have actually augmented | 


its ftrength, whatever may have been the fate of 
the other belligerent parties. 


It muſt be admitted, however, that the Britifh. 


government contracted immenſe debts, by carry- 
ing on the late moſt expenſive war. When theſe 


were brought to account, in October 1783, the 
whole debts, payable at the Exchequer, amounted 
to . 212, 302, 429, capital; whereon were paid 
C. 9,12, 061“, as intereſt and charges of ma- 


nagement. For the payment of this annuity the 
legiſlature had provided funds, which, it muſt be 


allowed, did not produce a revenue equal to 


previous expectation, or to ſubſequent neceſſity. 
And, burdenſome as theſe debts undoubtedly were, 


they had little embarraſſed general eirculation, 
had this principal and this annuity formed the on- 


N claims on the pk, Og to the Cys 
war. 


1 hh 


But, every war haves many wiliquideted dikes, 


the more diſtreſsful to individuals and the ſtate, 


as theſe - unfunded debts float in the ſtock-mar. 


| ker at great diſcount; as they depreciate the va- 
ue of all public ſecurities; and as, from theſe 


circumſtances, they obſtruct the financial opera- 


tions of government, and prevent private perſons 
from borrowing for the moſt uſeful purpoſes. Of 
ſuch unfunded debts chere floated in the market, 


* The Exchequer account, as publiſhed by the commiſ. 


4 e 


— 


C 


in October 1783, no leſs than C. 18 856, 54a f f 8 
which C. 13,694, 112 were fo far liquidated as to 
carry an inteteſt, that continually augmented the 
capitals, excluſive of other enn nally cogent, 
but of leſs amount. 

The public ſecurities, which 8 riſe in va- 
lue on the return of peace, gradually fell, when 
theſe vaſt debts were expoſed to the world in ex- 
aggerated figures; when the ſtockholders were 
terrified by declamations on the defects of their 
ſecurity, which is, in fact, equal to the ſtability 
of the Britiſh State; and when all claimants on the 
public were daily aſſured of a truth, which had 
then too much exiſtence, that the annual income 
of the public was not equal to the annual ex- 
penditure. The nation was mortified, at the ſame 
time, by the events of a war, the 'miſmanage- 
ments and expences of which had made peace ab. 
ſolutely neceſſary. And the government was at 
once enfeebled, by diſtractions, and unhinged, by 
the competitions of the . for eee and 
eber * 

It was at this criſis of unuſual Uſtcuby/.ckat 
the preſent miniſter was called into office, nearly 
as much by the ſuffrages of his county, a6 by 
the appointment of his ſovereigg. 

Were we to inſtitute a compariſon of the Kate 
of the nation, in 1764 and 1765, with that of 
1784 and 1783, we ſhould be enabled to form a 
proper judgment, not only of the incumbrances and 
| reſources of the Britiſh government, but of the mea. 


ſu res, 


615600 
ſures, which were at both periods adopted for 
diſcharging our debts by applying our means. 
| The war of 1755 augmented the public debt 
4 C. 72,117,004 
| 1 1775 — ——ä.—.—— = 


— 


0 In 5 the e debts, „ ne 
claims, navy and ordnance debt, army extraor- 
dinaries, deficiencies of grants and funds, ex- 
F * bills, and a few ſmaller articles, ambunt- 

NU . 9,975,018 
In 1784, that unfunded debts, inclu- 
ding every article of the ſame * 
kind. amounted to- - = 24,586,157; 


— — 


The navy bills fold, in 1764, at 94. per cent. diſ- 
count; in 1784, at 20 per cent. The value of 3 
per cent. conſolidated ſtocks, from which the moſt 
accurate judgment of all ſtocks. may be formed, 
was in 1764 at 86 per cent. but, in 1784, the va- 
lue may be calculated at 54 per cent. In the firſt 
period, our agriculture and manufactures, our 
commerce and navigation, were faid to be in the 
moſt proſperous conditon; in the laſt, to be al- 
moſt undone. 

With the foregoing data before us, we ſhall be 
able, without any minute calculations, or tedious 
inquiry, to form an adequate judgment of the re- 

ſources of the nation, and of the conduct of mi- 
niſters, in applying theſe reſources to the public 
ſervice, at the concluſion of our two laſt wars. 

5 11 In 


6% Y 
In 1766s, there were paid off and provided 


* 


for 5 5 6,192,069 
In 278.85 — . —.—.— 


= 


There remained unprovided for 3 | | 
in 1765, — in 1785. 
. 4. 156,044 — L "IF 
Navy debt 2,426,915 — _ 
Exchequer bills 1, 800, 0 — 4,500,000 


1 
* 1 4% . 


Total i in both £. 4.382,959 . 43500,900 


But, let us carry this compariſon one ſtep far- | 
ther. There were paid off and provided for (as we 
have ſeen) in 1764 and 65, of unfunded debts 


L. 6,192,169 · 
There were afterwards paid off ben: 


fore 1776 " 3 10,739,793 


Total paid off in eleven years = L. 16,93 1,952: 
There were paid off and provided 


for in two years, 1784—85 « 28,1 39,448. 


— yi 


Conſid. on trade and finances, p. 41. 2 
7 The following are the particulars, from the annual grants 
and appropriation acts: vl 

Debts funded in 1784, - - - £.6 879,342. 
Debts paid off aud otherwiſe provided for, in 


1784, - — 6.728, 615. 
Debts funded, in 1785, - 10, 990, 65 1. 
Debts paid off and etherwiſe provided for, in 

1785, - - - - 4.540, 840. 


Total of debts paid off, funded, and other- } 


N b 28 * : 
wiſe provided for, in 1784—8 8. FL : — 


* 


Yet, 


n 
Tet, from this laft ſum muſt be deducted the 
C. 4, 500, oo of Exchequer bills, Which, being 
continued at the end of 178 5, were either cireu- 
lated by the Bank, or were in the courſe of pub- 
lic buſineſs lockt up in the Exchequer. _ Thoſe 
bills indeed, that paſſed into circulation, were ". 
real uſe to the Bank, and to individuals, without 
depreciating funded property, as they continually 
| paſſed from hand to hand at a pretnium. f 
There was no purpoſe, when the foregoing com- 
parifons were inſtituted, of exalting the character 
of the preſent miniſter for wiſdom and energy, by 
the degtadation of any of his predeceſſors. The 
able men, who managed the national finances from 
1763 to 1776, acted like all former ſtateſmen, 
from the circumſtances wherein they were placed, 
and probably made as great exertions in diſcharg- 
ing the national debts, as the ſpirit of the times 
admitted. Greater efforts have, ſince the laſt peace, 
been made, becauſe every wiſe man declared, 
that there was no effectual mode of ſecuring all 
that the nation holds dear, than by making the 
public income larger than the public expenditure. 
The before - mentioned operations of finance, in 
1784 and 85, it had been impoſſible to perform, 
without impoſing many taxes, which all parties de- 
manded as neceſſary. Were any defence required 
for a conduct, which, if the faithful diſcharge of 
duty, at no ſmall riſque. of perſonal credit, is 


laudable, merits the greateſt praiſe, the pre- 
( vious 


* 


vo 


( 159 5 
vious neceſſity W furniſh ample. ien 


1 


What bad Sa at the concluſion of every 
war ſince the revolution, happened in a ſtill greater 
degree ſince the re- eſtabliſnment of the laſt peace. 
Let us make haſte to lighten the public debts, 
which ſo much enfeeble the ſtate, and embarraſs. 
individuals, was the univerſal cry. It was the 
| judgment of the wiſeſt men, that, conſidering the 
magnitude of the national incumbrances, theſe 
debts could neither be paid off, nor greatly leſſen- 
ed, except by a finking-fund, which ſhould be in- 
variably applied to this moſt uſeful Purpoſe, 
And, great as the national debts were, amounti 


to L. 239,154,880 principal, which, for intereſt} 


and charges of management, required an anhuity 
'of C. 9,275,769, after all the financial operations of 
1784 and 85, a finking-fund of a million was fajd | 


to be fully ſufficient, if thus ſacredly applied ; ; by 


the productive powers of money at compound 
intereſt are almoſt beyond calculation. 

Animated by theſe repreſentations, and urged 
by ſenſe of duty, the miniſter, though ſtruggling 
with the embarraſſing effects of a tedious and un- 
ſucceſsful war, which, in the judgment of very 
experienced men, had. almoſt exhauſted every na- 
tional reſource, has eſtabliſhed a finking-fund of a 
million. Whatever might have been the univerſal. 


wiſh, no one, at the re-eſtabliſhment of the peace, 


had any reaſonable expectation that ſo large a 


4 | 9 » 


* 


( 


| kuking Aud would be thus early ſettled by act of 
parliament, on principles, which at once promote 
the intereſt of the public, by diminiſhing the na- 
tional debt, and the advantage of man, by 
creating a rapid circulation. 

Of other ſinking- funds it has been remarked, 
that they did not ariſe ſo much from the ſurpluſes 
of taxes, after paying the annuity, which they had 
been eſtabliſhed to pay, as from a reduction of the 
ſtipulated intereſt. The ſinking-funds/eſtabliſhed 
in Holland during 1655, and at Rome in 1685, 
were thus created. The well-known ſinking- fund, 
which had its commencement here in 1716, was 


equally created by the reduction of intereſt on 


many ſtocks. And hence has been inferred the 
inſufficiency of ſuch funds. But, the foundation of ; 
Mr. Pitt's ſinking-fund is firmly laid on a clear 
ſurplus of a permanent revenue, made good by 
new taxes, and on the conſtant appropriation: of 

| ſuch annuities as will revert to the public from * 
effluxion of years. 

The ſufficiency and ſacredneſs of this fund may 
be however inferred, not ſo much from any arti- 
ficial reaſoning, as from the nature of the truſts, 
and from the ſpirit of the people, which ever 
guards with anxiety what has been dedicated to 
their conſtant ſecurity and future glory. The 
finking-fund of 1716 was left to the management 
of miniſters, who found an intereſt in miſapplying 
it. Mr. Pitt's ſinking- fund has been entruſted to 
| fix commiſſioners, holding offices, which are no 

8 | way 


„ 
way connected with each other, and to the poſs 
ſeſſors of which the people look for fidelity, know- 
ledge, and reſponſibility. From ſuch truſtees no 
miſapplication, or jobbing, can reaſonably be ap- 
prehended. Add to this, that the commiſſioners; 
being required by law to lay out the appropriated 
money in a ſpecified manner, and to give an an- 
nual account of their tranſactions to Parliament, 
act under the eye of a jealous world, and under 
the cenſure of an independent preſs, which, in a 
free country, has an efficacy . the e | 
of the legiſlature. 
But, the act itſelf, which creates this fund, and 
makes theſe proviſions, may be repealed, it is 
feared, by the rapacity of future miniſters, or by 
the diſtreſs of ſubſequent wars. 

It is however no ſmall ſecurity of. the priſon 
ſinking-fund, that the impolicy of miſapplying the 
former is admitted with univerſal conviction and 
regret. Under this public opinion, no miniſter, 

. whatever his principles or his power may be, will 


ever attempt the repeal of a law, which, in fact, 5 


contains a virtual contract with the publie eredi- 
tors, and on the exiſtence of which the public cre- 
dit muſt in future depend : For the repeal of this 
act, and the ſeizure of this fund, during the preſ- 
ſures of any war, would be a manifeſt breach of 
this contract; and would amount to a bankrupt- 


cy, becauſe i it would be a declaration to the world, 


that the nation could no longer comply with her 
moſt facred engagements. And what evil is to be 
M feared, 


662) 


feared, or good expected, from any war, which | 
ought to ſtand in competition wich the evils of 


bankruptcy,” or the good that muſt neceſſarily 
reſult from the invariable application of ſuch a 
fund ? A million, thus applied, will aſſurediy free 
the public from vaſt debts, and in no long period 
yield a great public revenue: It is demonſtrable, 
that a ſinking- fund of a million, with the aid of 
ſuch annuities as muſt meanwhilefall in, will fer free 
four millions annually, at the end of twenty-ſeven 
years: It has been demonſtrated by ingenious 
calculators, that the invariable application of a 
million to the annual payment of debts, would, 
in ſixty years, diſcharge . $17,000,000 of | 
3 per cent. annuities, the price being at 75 per 
cent. This meaſure, then, is of more importance 
to Great Britain than the acquiſition of the Ameri- 
can mines. And, this meafure, thus facred in its 
principles, and ſalutary in its effects, will nat pro- 
bably be ſoon repealed by any miniſter, becauſe 
every order in the ſtate are ꝓledged to ſupport it, 
while the property of every men in the commu- 
nity is bound for payment of the national debt. 
Without inquiring minutely, whether a ſurplus 
of C. goo, o appeared in the exchequer on any 
given day, it is ſufficiently apparent, that all che 
purpoſes of chis meaſure of finance will be amply 
anfwered, by the punctual payment of £- 250,000 
a quarter to the truſttes, as the law requires; be- 
cauſe the Parliament are engaged by the act to 
A deficiency, if the furplus of the | 
5 10 finking- 


of 


„„ 


ſinking· fund thouldin _ year amount to leſs than 
a million. 

Little fluctuation in the fands will 1 be eddy 
ſending into the Stock Exchange a certain fum, on 


certain days, during every quarter. It is the great 
riſe, and the proportional fall, in the value of the 
ſtocks, which enables jobbers ro gain fortunes, 
And of conſequence the commiſſioners will hardly 
find it their intereſt, if they had the inclination, (o 

deal 1 io public ſecurities with a view to great pro- 
fits. If the gradual and ſteady riſe of the ſtocks 
be for the intereſt of the public, as well as of in- 


dividuals, the quarterly application of the new 
Fund muſt be deemed a great improvement of the 

old, which was ſeldom felt in the ſtock market, 
and gavelittle motion to general circulation. By 
eheſe means will the capitals of the public debts 


be rendered more manageable, in no long period 3 
the price of ſtocks muſt neceſſarily riſe 3 the fi- 
nance operations of government will thereby be 
Performed with- ſtill greater advantage to the ſtatez_ 


„ The . being confined to the transfer days, little 
more than C. 5,000 can be brought to market an any one day. 
which of conſequence can make no rapid riſe of any one ſtock: 
Aud, when the fioking-fund amounts to the greateſt poſſible 
-ſum.vf C. 4,000,000, the purchaſe-money on any day can only 
be ſamething mare thao C. 20,000. — The gradual application 
of this ſinking fund is an excellent quality of it, becauſe 
ſudden changes i in the ſtock market are not for. the intereſt, of 
real buyers, or ſellers. The commiſfioners therefore can 

gain little profit from their ſaperior „ eee * flock 
into 1 they intend to purchaſGG. 


\ 


( 14) 

* induſtrious individuals will, in the ſame man- 
ner, be more eaſily accommodated with diſcounts 
and loans. | 

The eſtabliſhment of ſuch a fund, and the crea- 
tion of ſuch a truſt, are doubtleſs very important 
ſervices to the people collectively, as they form a 
corporation, or community. But it may be eaſily 
ſhewn, that the people individually will be ſtill 
greater gainers, by the new ſinking- fund, as it has 
been thus judiciouſly formed. And, in this view 


of the ſubject, its ſteady operation will be of ſtill 


greater utility to the nation than even the payment 
of debts, becauſe it is the proſperity of individu- 
als which forms the ſtability of the ſtate. The 
ingenious theoriſts, who oblige the world with 
projects for paying the national debt, conſider 
merely the intereſt of the corporation, or public, 
without attending to what is of more real impor- 
tance, the advantage of the private e of 
whom the public conſiſt. 
A new order of buyers being thus 50 . 
a new demand thereby created, the price of ſtocks 
muſt neceſſarily riſe, notwithſtanding the arts of 
the ſtockjobbers ; becauſe the public ſecurities be- 
come in fact of more real value. In proportion 
as the money is ſent from the ſinking- fund to the 
Stock- exchange, the price of ſtocks muſt gradually 
"riſe ſtill higher. And a riſe of ſtocks,' when gra- 
dual and ſteady, never fails to produce the moſt 
ſalutary effects on univerſal circulation, by facilitat- 
ing transfers of Pre. and by aiding the per- 
formance 


(168 ) 


formance of contracts. Recent experience con- 
firms this general reaſoning. Every one muſt re- 
member how impoſſible it was for individuals to 
borrow money on any ſecurity, for any premium, 
till towards the end of 1784. When the ſtocks 


began to riſe, the price of lands equally roſe. 
When the government ceaſed to borrow, and the 
unfunded debts were liquidated, manufacturers and 


traders eaſily obtained diſcounts, _ —_— ac- 


quired permanent capitals. 


But, the wit of man could not have deviſed a 
meaſure more favourable to circulation, than the 


ſending of large ſums, from day to day, into the 
 Stock-exchange 3 whereby the courſe of circula- 
tion is conſtantly filled, and, being always aug- 
mented, becomes ſtill more rapid. It is the riſe 
of ſtocks, and the fulneſs of circulation, which 
make money overflow the coffers of the opulent, 
unleſs ſome unforeſeen drain ſhould be unhappily 


opened. When caſh becomes thus plenty, the 


natural intereſt of money gradually falls, and bills 
of exchange, and other private ſecurities, are readily 
diſcounted at a lower rate. In this happy ſtate of 
things, money is ſaid to be plenty; and every 


individual is accommodated with loans and with 


diſcounts, according to his needs, by nn his 
property or his credit. 


Owing to all theſe facilities, every ie 


man eaſily finds employments. The manufacturers 
are all engaged. The traders ſend out additional 
n The ſhip- owners are offered many 
M 3 freights. 


5 166 59 


freights. . The produce of the huſbandman is con- 
ſumed by a buſy people. And thus are rents more 
readily paid, and taxes more eaſily | collected. 
Such are the benefits, which reſult to individuals 
and the ſtate, : from a rapid circulation, which can 
only be promoted and preſerved by ſending money 
conſtantly into the Stock- exchange. It is thus, 
by inciting an active induſtry, that the payment of 
public debts, through the channel of a quarterly 
ſinking-fund, enables the people to pay the greateſt 
taxes with eaſe and ſatisfaction. And thus may 
we ſolve a difficult problem in political economy, 
whether the ſurplus of the public revenue ooght 
to be applied in the diſcharge of debts, or in the 
diminution of taxes: the one meaſure aſſuredly - 
invigorates the induſtry of the people, in the man- 
ner already deſcribed ; the other may incite their 
indolence, but cannot procure them an advantage 
in any proportion to the benefits of unceaſing em- 
ployments and the accommodation of more ex- 
tenſive capitals : by means of induſtry the heavieſt 
burthens ſeem light: by the influence of ſloth the 
ſlighteſt duty appears intolerable. | 

It was owing, probably; to the invigorating ef- 
fects of an augmented circulation, that our agri- 
culture and manufactures, our commerce and na- 
vigation, not only flouriſhed, but gradually in- 
creaſed to their preſent magnitude, amidſt our too 
frequent wars, our additional taxes, and accumu- 
lating debts. How much the ſcanty circulation of 
Pogue's was filled, ing! the great civil wars. of 


the 


1 - 167 ) 
the ut century, by the vaſt impoſts of thoſe times, 


and bow ſoon the intereſt of money was thereby . 
reduced, we have already ſeen, Similar conſe- 
quences followed the wars of William and Anne, 
owing; to ſimilar cauſes. The Goking-fund, which 
for ſeveral years after its creation, in 1716, did not 
much exceed half a million, produced, aſſuredly, 
the moſt ſalutary influences, even before the year, 
1727: The value of the public funds roſe con- 
ſiderably, though the ſtipulated intereſt on them 
had been reduced, firſt, from 6 to.5 per cent. and, 
in that year, from 5 to 4 per cent» The natural 
intereſt of money gradually fell: The price of lands 
in the mean time advanced from 20 and 21 years 
purchaſe to 26 and 27: And our agriculture and 
manufactures, our trade and our ſhipping, kept a 
egy pace with the general proſperity of the nas 
tion *. Such are the ſalutary effects of a circula- | 
tion, which, being repleniſhed by daily augmenta- 
tions, is preſerved conſtantly full. And thus it is 
that the people are eaſed in the payment of taxes, 
by being better enabled to pay them, while taxes 
are continually augmented, though there may be 
particular impoſts, which ought to be repealed. 
On the other hand, an obſtructed circulation 
never fails to ereate every evil which can afflict an 
induſtrious people: Scarcity of money, and un- 
favourable diſcounts; unpurchaſed manufactures, 
and want of employments z >..unpaid rents, and un- 


* For the ee 6 facts, *. And. Chron. Cons 
wt ii. p. 31622, 


X44 — | 


6168) 
performed contracts; are the miſchiefs, which diſ- 
treſs every individual and embarraſs the commu- 
nity, while circulation is impeded. The com- 
merce of England was well nigh ruined, during 
King William's reign, by the diſorders in the 
coin, the want of confidence, and the high price of 
money. The foreign bankruptcies, in 1764, re- 
duced the value of cargoes, which were exported in 
this year, from ſixteen millions to fourteen, during 
ſeveral years, owing to the decline of general cre- 
dit. How much the domeſtic buſineſs of Great 
Britain was affected by the home bankruptcies of 
1772, is ſtill remembered. The complaints, 
which were at thoſe periods made of a decline of 
commerce, were alone owing to an obſtructed cir- 
culation, as ſubſequent experience hath amply 
bnd 

Wars, chk: in modern times, are chiefly de- 
ſtructive, as they incommode the induſtrious claſ- 
ſes, by obſtructing circulation. Yet, general in- 
duſtry was not much retarded, however individual 
perſons, or particular communities, may have been 


The following detail is alone ſufficient to demonſtrate 
how the manufactures of a country may be ruined by a lan- 
guid circulation, Of linen cloth there were 1 for ſale 
in Scotland, 

during 1771 — 13.466, 274 yards. 
1772 — 13,089,006. 
1773 — 10,748,110. 


| deranged, 


6169 

deranged, or injured, by the colony war. Te 
people were able to conſume abundantly, fifice 
they actually paid vaſt contributions, by their dai- 
ly conſumption of exciſeable commodities*. And 
though they purſued their accuſtomed occupations, 
and thus paid vaſt impoſts, the eſtabliſhed income 
of the ſtate ſuſtained conſiderable defalcations 
from various cauſes; from the abuſes, which war 
never fails to introduce into certain branches of the 
revenue; from the illicit traffic, that generally 
prevails in the courſe of hoſtilities ; and from the 
new impoſitions, which ſomewhat leſſen the uſual 
produce of the old. 

Theſe diſorders in the public revenue have been 
at leaſt palliated, if they have not been altoge- 
ther cured, ſince the re-eſtabliſhment' of peace. 
The meaſures, which were vigorouſly adopted, for 
the effectual prevention of ſmuggling; the altera- 
tions, which have been made in the collection of | 


* Of malt there were conſumed, | 
Buſh. Old Duties. 


in 1774 — 72,588,010 — C. 1, 814, 700. 
in 1780—1—2 — $7,343,083 — 2,183,577. 
— — — . can... / 


Of low wines from corn, | 
Gal. Old Duties. 
in 177 3—4—=5 — 9974-237 — L. 415, 593. 
in I780—I—2 — 11,757,499 — 489,895. 


of Soap, 

Ib. Old Daties. 

in 1773—4—=5 — 93,190,140 — C. 582,438. 
in 1780—1—2 —— 98, 076, 85 — 612,980, 


ſome 


W 170 * | 
ſome departments of the. public income and the 
improvement that has been happilꝝ effected in all; 
bare brought and continue to bring vaſt ſums 
into the Exchequer . The public expenditure con - 
tinually diſtributes this vaſt revenue among the 
ecreditors, or: ſervants of the State, who return 
it to the original contributors, either for the ne- 
ceſſaries, or the luxuries of life. The Exchequer, 
which thus conſtantly receives and diſpenſes this 
immenſe income, has been aptly compared to the 
human heart, that unceaſingly carries on the vi- 
tal circulation, ſo i invigorating while it flows, ſo fa- 
tal when it ſtops. Thus it is, that modern taxes, 
which; are never hoarded but always expended, 
may even promote the employments and induſtry, 
the proſperity and populouſneſs, of an induſtrious 
people. 

The conteſt, which had been carried on vi 
the war of 1755, between Doctor Brackenridge 
and Doctor Forſter, with regard to the effects of 
our policy, boch in war and peace, on popula- 
tion, was revived amidſt our Colony conteſts by 
Dr. Price and his opponents. By taking a wider 

range, and eſtabliſhing many new facts, this laſt 


The whole public revenue paid into the Exchequer, 


from Michaelmas 1783 | | 
5.74 8 — 7945 . 12299525 19+ 
Ditto, from Michaelmas 1784 
to ditto 1785 — 7” 82. 


Ditto, from 5 Janu 178 __ 5 
to e ey 1539747» 8 


controverſy 


Gr 
controverſy -Furniſhes much more inſtruction, n 

a very intereſting ſobject, than the laſt. Doctor = 
Price revived-the diſpute, by contributing an Ap» . 

pendix to Mr, Morgan's Eſſay on Annuities, 
wherein the Doctor attempts to prove, by i inge 
nious remarks on births and burials, a gradual de- 


cline in the populouſneſs of Great Britain. He 
Vas ſoon encountered, by Mr. Arthur Young, who 

juſtly inferred, from the progreſs of i improvements 
in agriculture, in manufactures, in commerce, an 
augmentation in the number of people. be 
Eden publiſhed, in 1779, elegant criticiſms ® 
Doctor Price; by which he endeavours to inva- 
lidate the argument, drawn from a compariſon of 
the number of houſes at the Revolution, and at 
preſent; inſiſting that the firſt muſt have been leſs, 
and the laſt much greater, than the text had allow- 
ed. The Doctor ſhewed ſome miſtakes in, his an- 
tagoniſt, without adding much to the force of his 
own argument by. his reply. Yet, if we may cre⸗ 
dit his coadjutor, be conſidered his ſyſtem as more 
firmly eſtabli iſhed than ever f. 

This long-continued controverſy now 7 
other ſupporters. Mr. Wales publiſhed his Accu- 
rate Inquiry in 178 1. With conſiderable ſucceſs 
he overthrows Doctor Price? s fundamental argu- 
ment, from the compariſon of houſes at different pe- 
riads ; by ſhewing, that the returns of houſes to the 


„In his Letters to Lord Carlifle, 
1 Vocertainty of Population, pr 9. 


( 172) 
tax. office are not always preciſe; by proving, from 
actual enumerations of ſeveral towns at diſtant pe- 
fiods, that they had certainly increaſed ; by evin- 
cing, from the augmented number of births, that 
there muſt be a greater number of breeders. This 
able performance was immediately followed by Mr. 
 Howlet's ſtill more extenſive examination of Doctor 
Price's eſſay. Mr. Howlet expands the arguments 
of Mr. Wales; he adds ſome illuſtrations; and, 
what is of ſtill greater importance, il every inqui- 
Ty, he eſtabliſhes many additional facts. 
The treatiſes of Meſſ. Wales and Howlet made 

a great impreſſion on the public. At the mo- 
ment, when they had gained—a confiderable ſhare 
of popular belief, it was deemed prudent on the ſide 
of Doctor Price to publiſh—Uncertainty of the 
preſent population. This writer frankly declares 
that be is convinced by neither party, and that he muſt 
conſequently remain in a ftate of doubt and ſeeptical 
ſuſpenſe. His apparent purpoſe is to ſhew, in op- 
poſition to be popular belief, that after all our re- 
ſearches, we really know nothing with any certainty, as 
to this important part of our political ceconomy. 
In the ſceptical arithmetic of this dubious com- 
puter, 1 1, 300, ooo, multiplied by 3, produce 
6,250,000. Doctor Price and his coadjutors 
ſeemed unwilling to admit, that if there were, in 
England and Wales, at Lady day 1690, 1 1, 300, ooo 
inbabited bouſes, and five per ſons in each, there muſt 
neceſſarily have been, at the ſame time, 6, 300, ooo 
ſouls. For, they feared the charge of abſurdity, 
in 


6572) 
in ſuppoſing a decreaſe of a million and a balf ef 
people, during ninety years of augmented employ- 
ments: And, they perceived, that by admitting 
there were in 1690, ſix million and a half of peo- 
ple, they would thereby be obliged to admit, that 
there had been an augmentation of a million, and 
a half, during the foregoing century, notwithſtand- 
ing the long civil wars, and the vaſt emigrations. 
The Doctor publiſhed, in 1783, Remarks on theſe 
tracts of Meſſ. Wales and Howlet *®. And, with 
his uſual acuteneſs, he detects ſome miſtakes ; but, 
with his accuſtomed pertinacity, he adheres to alen 
former opinions. 

The matter in diſpute, we are told "> mat be 
determined, not by vague declamation, or ſpe- 
culative argument, but by well- authenticated facts: 
For, the grand argument of Dr. Price is at 


once extremely clear, and comprehended in a very 


narrow compaſs.” The following is the ſtate of 
this grand argument: 


That there appeared by the Hearrh-books, at Lady 
day 1690, to be in England and Houſes, 
% „ 

That there appeared by the Tax- eee 

office books, in 1777, only 952,734: 


Whence, the Doctor inferred, as a neceſſary con- 
ſequence, that there had been a eren ee di- 
minution of people, ſince 1690. 


5 4 * 4 
* In his Obſervationson Reverſionary Payments, i in 2 vol. 80. 
1 * Uncertainty of Population. 

5 Conſidering 


# 


74 ) : 
| Cobfidering ! ST 7 poi this ſubjeRt i is to the 


| Nate, and how | much it is connected with the 
general purpoſe of this Eſtimate; I was led to exa- 
mine, at once with minuteneſs and with brevity, 
an argument, which has been oftentatiouſly dif- 
played as equal in its inferences to the certainty 
| of actual enumeratjons, 
In neu of the obnoxious hearth-tax, the Parlia- 
| ment impoſed, j in 1696, a duty of two ſhillings on 
| every houſe 3 ſix ſhillings on every houſe contain- 
ing ten windows, and fewer than twenty; and ten 
millings on every houſe having more than twenty 
windows ; thoſe occupiers only excepted, who were 
excmpredfrom church and poor rates. And Gre- 
gory King compured, with his uſual preciſion, what 
che tax would produce, before it had yielded a pen- 
ny *: Thus, 25 he, the en of inhabited houſes 


o 


M5. wel eek 1, 300,0003 
po ner 10 8 980,000. 


under 20 windows 27 0,000, 
above ao windows $0,000. . 1 
5 | 1,300,000. 


DODut of which dedutting, = 3 
for thoſe receiving alms — 99 230,000 houſes at 28. 1. 33000. 
for thoſe not paying to church and poor 980,000 ——— at 28. 4d. * 
for 2 frauds, and defaulters = 4900 D at 4g- 85 000. 
— | —— 
_Jaſalyent - 750,000. L. $5,000. 
NA. —— S paying net . 


"i > However many e houſes were thus de- 
ducted from the 1, 300,000 inbabited houſes, Gregory 


King 


d 


(ws) 


Maut allowe®ut tuft too/ mah} Mer ones; Tie 
truth may be inferred from the following Fals. 


There remains in the tax- office a particular ac- 
count of the money, which each county paid in 
1701, for the beſore- mentioned tax of 1695, from 
the aſſeſſments of Lady-day 1700, and which 
amounted o =. CL. 1181866. 
But, che oldeſt liſt of dende which ſpecifically 
paid the tax of 1696, is © x account made up, far 
1708, from an old ſurvey book,” but from prior ai- 
ſeſſments: And this account ſtands thus: 
Houſes at 28. — 248,784, produced . 24,838: 


68. — 165,856, — 49,57. 
108. — 93,876, — 46, 398. 
— — Pre 

oc ret 121,573. 


He who Geb not ſee a' marvellous coiheidence , 
between this official document and the previous call 
culation of Gregory King, muſt beblind indeed. The 
fotvent houſes of King, and the charged houſes of 
108, are of the ſame kind, both being thoſe houſes 


which aua paid, or were ſuppoſed 50 have paid, 


1444 WD 

21 have ranſacked nelle on-this li- 
Ganted but important ſubject; and I was aſſiſted in my re- 
ſearches by the intelligent officers of this department, with an 
alacrity, which ſhewed, that, having fully performed they 
duty to the public, they did not fear minute inſpection. 
+ The houſes having vpzwards of twenty windoma, in the 
tax-office account of 1781, are 52,373. The number of the 
ſame kind allowed by King is 50,000; But e 
nate in his other calculations. 24 V1. 4408 ef ON J 


Bad 


«© u96 Tr | 
And, Mr. Henry. Reid, 2.comptroller of ; 
the. ter. ole, noted for his minute diligence and 
attentive accuracy, reported to the Treaſury, in Oc- 
tober 17847 that be old duties, on an average, pro- 
duced early, from 1696 to 1709 . 118,839“. 
But, there muſt have neceſſarily been a great 
many more houſes, in 1708, than the 508,516, 
Os os and paying C. 121, 573. In the tmelve years 
| 1696, there could have been no great waſte of 
= „ however powerful the deſtructive cauſe 
might have been. And Gregory King, in or- 
der to make up his thirteen hundred thouſand | 
houſes, e the e of the poor, in 1696, 


Rog. 710% ꝓb 
and of fuer, ue. at „ 11 
See, a 


Daygnant + ſtated, in 1 69 5, from the hearth-books, of 
the cottages, inhabited by the poorer ſort, at 500,000; 
and he afterwards aſſerts, as Doctor Price obſerves, | 
that there were in 1689, houſes, called cottages, 
having one hearth, to the number of 554,631: 
whence we may equally. ſuppoſe, that there were 
dwellings, having two hearths, a very conſiderable 
number, whoſe inhabitants, either receiving alms, or 
paying none, did not contribute to the tax of 1696: 
fo that, in 1708, there muſt have certainly exiſted 


710,000 dwellings of. the DID e number 
had e exiſted in 1696. 0s + 


LEES bs 4 Cn Se IR 44 © . | 222 ; 
* Gregory King calculated the tax emen gehe ; 
+ Vol. i. edit. iſt, p. 5. . 


1 Ss 
EL Mr. | 


are de er reported tot 5 
ſbry; in 1754, that in the year 1710, * a 
ditional” dury took Pieces it became 1h ona 
practice to ſtop-up lights; ſo that, in 1,710, che 
old duties yielded only L. 116,675 1—And or- 
ſome-years, both the old and the new duty fu rea 
micht flom this cauſe, as there was no penalty for 
the ftopping of widows: Other durles, <bhitfoiitd 
he, were impoſed in 1747 » -ſo'thiatfrom Lady- 
day” 1747, to Lady-day 1748, the whole duties 
yielded £. 208, 93: and, an explanatory act hav- 
ing · paſſedl in 1748, the duties yielded, for the year = 
entling at Lady-day 1749, C. 220, 890: But, other = 
modes of evading the law being ſoon föünd: = 
duties decreaſed year after year. — And thus muff 
from the intelligent Mr. Hetiry Reid, who never = 
dreamed of houſes falling into non - exiſtenee. W 7 

The firſt. account of houſes, which. no. appears; _— 
to have been made VP» - ſubſequent to chat W 
1708, is the account of 1750, and the laſt i is that, 1 
of 1 781, With the. foregoing data before us, Wer | 


20 Gee. II. ch. 3 which reeites, tbüt bergen it:. 1 
hark oſten been found from experience, that the Auris Fast? 
ed by former acts of parliament have been greatly leſſened —_— = 


means of perſons frequently topping up windows. in their 
du elling ng Nodes, 3 in order to evade payment; and it hath. K 8 
often happened, that ſeveral afſellitients have not been mad. 
in due time; and that perſons remove to other pariſhes with» | | 
ont'paying the duty forthe” homer ſb\quirted} to iht prejddice | 

of the Reveyde; But tlie legiſſature di noF recite, thüt hohes“ 
daily fell down, er th the Bm bers of the petplg yea de 
1 7 | | mt ; "= 

/ 


% 


ETC EC _S 
* * n ” , be _ 
ö * — be her: wo Tb. _ 

$ 4s 7 W's = 4 * 57. n 

* 2 D — » wt * 4 12 
. * v * wy bo, 

*2.A, - ; * 
12 : -2 | ” N 

# _ " « 


„ — 


—— 
_— 9 
e 


* 


a EE 


r 


— eo <A 
* 


. ——— —— ay ͤ1 .... cer —— 
" 
A 8 
* 
* 


— oro ivr — Aware 
'£ W R 


r 
— 
* 


— 
= — — * * 
—— wü e . 7—»——— 
* * , * 5 % * GW A 4 
* J N o $4 
2 . fd 


* Og CO 


% 


=> wouthe progreſs.of our houſes, .cherged and 


| The chatgedlin 1696, according to ) 0 King, 


ſufficiently preriſe,/in 


ich the -bouſe. and window ta. at 


— 


: charge able, accor ding to Os oi MCL 
vn many r 15 


'F 14 1 1 ” 


7. 
454 { De 


44 


N 599,900 .. 
" The charged, and W 15e. ; 729,948 71 


| 4 8 Inereaſe in ee , 1% : En EG i 


The charged, i in 1708 | en 
The chargeable, let us ſuppoſe 


R „ 
gt * yy "4 * N 
, % + > i a 


18 ig js * 15 e — 2 5 
The Sos and chargeable, in din 721,361 


2 ” 
* . 4 . 


. e 7 ” 
* 4 >. 0 + , ve # 5 „ 4 - , + 4 BE" ®. [5 , * A | S : 2 * 
; 2.5 „ 4 G + * 
Increaſe 1 in 73 year rs. N 112,835. 
| '< 4 " "8 * 0-3 6 * n | +4 * SF - 7 5 
, [37 * s N a S. Þ 2 4. & 1 . aa 


It 
4. 


Here chen 7 a ſolution 5 the difficult problem, 
in political '@cononiy, Which has engaged fo many 
able pens, Whether there exiſt as many houſes, at | 
preſent, as there certainly were, in England and 
Wales, at the Revolution; at leaſt, the queſtion 
is decided, as to the number of houſes, charged and 
chargeable, with the window:and houſe tax: And 
of conſequence the middling and higher ranks of 


men muſt, with the number of their. dw Elin ings, 


122 1 190. 
have neceſſarily increaſed. . ME NEE S 
* wt nd 5 : : m a I + ' 
Nein dt Vt "05 Nu « wt Mn a3; 


„ This bigh. bad in 17905 was Aebi ec p the 
5 of parliament, 20 Geo. Il. which had juſt Gre 
dete Sreamyention had not yet taken plece - H 


-. 5 f 188 


A _ 


4 


1 
Warts | * 
* 


1 


. = = 
1 : ® ” 1 6 * 3 1 


though many obſtruQions': may ha 8 away. 


The difficuley conſiſts, in aſcertaining, with equal 
preciſion, the number of dwelli f 8 


+ by law, from It tax ſince 16 


7 


by 


* 


A modern ſociety has been compared, with equ 
elegance and truth, to a pyramid, having the high-. 
er ranks for its point, and the lower orders for its 
baſe. Gregory King left us an account of the people, 
minutely divided into their ſeveral clafſes, which, 
though formed for a different purpoſe, contains 


ſufficient accuracy for the preſent argument? 
15 | ene - 2 ne f / , 5 
ER e 8385 | 
| DDavenant's works. 


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«SSL 


i FO. a4 [nin Pk 


FE roger; Oy . 
: == _ Knights om + — 2600 132 aa 
Wees 800 16 C 127900 
1 = ö 6. — 1% 
Eminentwerchanze— 2. 80 7-1Gyana 
" Edquires;/ - 4. 775.43 2805-40 Zo. 
Military officers; -- 2 400898 — 4 4” 16,990 
Naxaloffgers Di Sor 4117 2Qa90Q);, 


5.00% 6 — 30,000 
5 Ces 3 3 | 1 ö 8 ys . 
Perſons 2 n Spry - 31600": — 400000 
„ ne 5 


6 9? 1 % un e a 


r.clero 3 : ; ö 000 = _ an 


—_—_— 
IT'S 
2; Fs 


Cre ww a 6 a 
22 << — 
IL 4 > 
2 * 


—— 


— — 


— en 2 —— — 


— 
——Ü—— Born <0 


= 
85 
85 


my 


7 — b 
—— — — — . 


Leſſer mer KT — _—_ 48,0 

8 | 33 5 A 5 2 9 4 
ore E of t the er Nga. | ue KID: 798 99, 
_. — 

_. ral äfts ee tig « 15,909 <a] 5 1 5 764900 - 


Freeholders of the 9113 205% N 105. 


_ | Shopkeepers mY 
_ | 5 


j ty 
* 
2 
2 
TY 
;* 


> 


% 
X 4 « % SIR. 


c * 


50,000 — 4 — 225,000 


SA 2 On 
Fan 


= tradeſmen = 
\W | 55 Aftizans * 60,00 oy bo 8 _ 240,000 


1 reeholders of the 
_— re; | _ IL 
_ -kfferfort - 120,000 541 = eo 


= Farmers - — 150, ooo 85 750,000 
Common ſoldiers = g5,000-' 2 = | 76,000 
Common ſailors 50, - 4g — 140,000 
1 Dene, | 

1 ſervants 


e Pr rs, | 
ER Aae 490,000 * It FR 123200 
c e 


. x ' 
"RY , 4 4. ©. a 
1% 3. % Y = % ” . — 
— 2 . * y 
a 75 0 4 1 2 . : \ . 4 
2 55 3 1 S 4 54 | 
= v * P 2 * A 
4 \ 6 > : 3 f 


W 


4 W. & - | l 4 , * 75 4: y 
"4 £ ES * 1 at 1 1 A 
PIE, 7 4 "IE 1 £ w * r * FRAY . SY , Y 4 v 7 * 


. 4 a * 
- * . < u 7 
8 Vs as $i »." 4 Te x 1 3 
\ n Den OT 1 25 
Nn 1 4 1 4 * e 
88 1 Wa x th . . *<Y" * Cs e , 
5 * WY Do” 2 . K "LEP 2 AS Hy he F v 


a Oi 
"1. 1: "9! 7 ity ET j; 


* 


wy + Ifichlodivitdontorirhe yieople ſhould be 80 5 
iy peblubie, tiz wobt prove; with fuffivlent bo- 
viction, how many dwellings the two laſt ches 

required wrſhelter tem ſince they !1camaindd no 


fewer than 7wormilliony/fix)bandred'and fide thonfantd 


gerfons. -Gtujzory King ellutted for them, une 


_ triverſet;2550,000 hDνẽ,ẽj And it is appareft, 


that if the two lowor ordets of men hꝭve aumented, 
wich the: progteſa, which has been traceil nc duỹ 


© 


agriculture and manufactures, in our traffic am 


navigation, they muſt neceſſar neceflarily —_, in addi- 
tional houſes.:: T I? [* £5] WIIOD 10:3 a (01041 | F 


_.© Davenant has ben, 3 the 3 . 
| England and Wales nee vards the end of 
Charles II. 's reign, to. „N bee 8 


By. an account given in 0 — IO ee 
in 1776, the poor- rates amounted to 2680 ll 


ett this vat lcd, which 8 Probily-bbdit 
the trüth, maß have Bath miſap "mo 
yet eve 6 one who received oy prop bare i 
1 1 le 6 Was exemp ted from the tax « 95 abt 
Houſes, and wol have conſequently FE h 95 the 
2 * of cottages. Fo es 
Whatever the tetin cottage way have 


formerly; it was deferibea; 57 the” rh hs the. 
20 Geo. II. as a:houſe, having nine window, or 
unde, whoſe; inhabitant. either reveives: alms, or 
Ard not pay 0 church — Jutz we are 
he. 


4175 3 


4 


ed, or Vine, 


TV go 
8 
Wc "8" 


Fg Ja PI) 5 4 


Y © & 75 ” n TY ” * 2 p 
f . 28 4 * N 4 th 1 
4 * ; 7 2 ee 4 1 W 1 W re I 48 - 7 7 * Lo 
EET ts 9 EL LO A Oe, NF; Es / s 7 . . | 5 5 n 
17 y > Ys 77959 3 0 Fee * 9 * & * T * = 2 1 * 2 #1 4 
5 14 8 * 7 — Vs. 1 LS, L > "$5 4 : 2 
** * 4 f = : 1 by 7 p ©, N 7 
1 x 2 - | 220 : » x 
% © ws 1 
* 5 : k 
* 9s * x — 55 . * 1 5 
* , W rr 
* . a 1 89 "4 
— 8 4 1 
, : 1 +> 1 1 } , 
* * 1 * * #Y 1 
<4 ; — 


40 


n * ed tee bo 
find, whether the jower orders 'of men have de- 
1 augmented. A ö Mae rec 
The argument for a:decreaſed number of cot- 
a this: Gregory King. from 2a view; of the 
hearthrbooks of 1690, (which yet did not contain 
the cottages, ſince they were not chargeable-with 
the hearth · tax) calculated the idwellings of thoſe, 
| Mhozcither ae alnis, or did mot give any, 
Re at UL 10 b nt eee 
Ik be ſurveyors Kune "TAGS 0! Dagiv 
= number of cotrages, in 1759 *, ar:</-a85,4098 
WEE 9. {2920-008 and in 2781 un 284,459. | 


WE... 7 oifter, the antagonift of Bracketridge] was the 
| firſt; probably, who objected to the accuracy of | 
the ſurveyors returns, with regard td 4% houſes. 
Faving obtained the collectors rolls, he had counted, 
in 1737, the number of houſes in nine contigyous | 
. IPL; whereby. he found, that, out of 588 


» 
0 
+ 8 
* 

U 
3 

' 

i , 
f 
1 

; - 
* £ 

| 3 8 

_— 

. 

H * 

= 
1 

' £8 
' & 
* i) 
\ 3 / 

- 
* 


2 9 2. 
— 
4 


— — — — 
. es a EE — 

3 2 oy 0 3 . » * 7 A - 
= - - by 

4 8 4 8 — ? 
. 4 
- * - — 
* * * 
* * "> 

* 


1 


- 
be — 


*. > 0 6 


—— 


2 


— — 


rare 


* 


— —a 


1 
x 
- 


P KOI eo age 


23 5 
> 


0 x 5 


SET Wo: 
. 
** r 


„ eee — — 
e 5 FP > 4 _ 


WW E only 177 paid. the tax z, that Lamboyrn 


pariſh, wherein there is a. market-town, n, contains 


n . 


445 houſes, of which 229 only pe, che tax. 
When it was objected to Forſter, that this ſurvey 


* 


was too narrow for a general average, he added 


afterwards nine > other pariſhes, 1 in diſtant counties ; I 
ton This is che Grit year; fays Dofo? Price, that an order was 
tiven to return che cottages excuſed for poverty. 1 have 
eee ſome returns which, were made of conages.in 
1752. and which, having eſcaped thedeftruQion of time, evince 
previous orders and Previous Performance. There Was, in fact, 
an account of the cottages mags u par, the tax-olfice in 1756. 


8 * A * 6 J 4 „ 7 ' 
NT ek hy r | 2 8 215% 37494. 48 wer ait * 


tz 2 a whereby 
1 % . 
- : 0 : F o 


— 


. I 
C 
7 
* 
Js b 
on A hy 
= 
S 4 
1 * — 
5 »* . — 8 
* Ya * 4 8 yt + &f 5 FE.” 44 4 4 g 2 
1 N , ⅛œòἈn¾¹;! /ꝗð OE ß ]⅛¾c—ᷓ’ ]¶ 1A ̃ͤ ͤ - 
bf 5 # — 2 * N air a Ea 9h F 7 
<> * FF * n od. N 1 hs 
3 r n 1 n 1 =_ 


1 peared, hs & "1,0  tiouſes, dy 
347 were chirged with the dur 7 5 1 
; "ferred, that the cord | 8 "Fs tax 455 Benet Fus 
mote than #69 "ian *.. At. Walls "es qually ob- 

Jected o rhe truth of the furveyors ee - 

* their full extent.” "And Mr. Howfet endeavoured, | 
with no ſinall ſucceſs, to calculate e the average' of 

"their errors, in order to evince what ought proba- 

'bly to have betn'rhe'true amount öf the genilitic 

| + "numbers. In this 'calculition; Dbetef Price Rath 
 doubiieſs men petty faults; yet iv there ſulficiear 
'reaſon to'conclude;” with Doctor” Better ind Mfr. 


ww 


Howlet, that the houſes returned to the tax. office | 


ate to the whole, äs 1 àre to 29, nearly. It will 
at laſt be found; that the returns of träble 
- houſes are very near the truth; but that the te- 
| | As owes; polfibly”be'true: 
For 290,00, or Gern"360, oO cottages, (would not 
conta the two lower orders who exiſted/in Eug- 
| 2 und ho, with 
the greateſt aid of machinery, could not perforcm 
the annual labour of the ſame countries at preſent. 


greateſt humber of hands, becauſe it forens'the ſuß 
| Pot of dur manufacture, our traffic, and our na- 


vigation. It admits'of lirde diſpute, wihothers: our 


100 2 0 7 Ge: 2 I . : Is; E * * 


74 — in December 2/60; which the Rojal: 0 | 
| clety declined to publiſh; [MSS. Birch, Brit. Maſ. No. 44496] 
Tue algebraical fophiſms of Brackenridge were pria ted in 
che foreign gazettes: the true philoſophy of Forſter; by.axgeri- 
"INE bs Te . 


IA . t% 4 1 VN 4” 22 * tba! ndry 


2 


| -*""Ourcagrieulture has at all times employed the 


# 


a” 9 


z þ % > bs 
r * a PR * 
7 * 7. N WS ov 7 
* ., * 4 * — <5 % * 
"+. 3: n r 
1 . & * 


27 
1 5 * l = 8 4 
5 1 ns 1 * n „ 
;ö3X!ͤ 8 
755 * >, 


3 1 yagrancs, eau pred 
eee, eee e gale 3 
; mae gl 


e FP + & 4 wth 


”  - Revglnignenndat, preſent, no. comparilap. can 
Wk prey be made, 88.49 ze Axtenſinencls. .qfabeir 
ene e eee of abel dg. 
dieswobored haabem, Thelen 5 
=_ 4 Yookſhire-glons: in, ig: de Füpfshr dan Ne | 
cen wich the wonllenemagufatucer of Hiogiand 
_ by the n gechhigt, farmed gt he 
TH vlnager's:oflices in-apgears, hes the moollen goods 
1 epo in- 1588, berg eee e 
ER excluſire o the home. pf ene 
= ite af ren 8 +-nckadrih arrangements 
5 7 with * a particular eſtimate of the Yorkſhire wool- 
. len wanufactures m. : whereby it. appeared, that 
| there vere" exported”. | value: 


"2 % : bY key 1s ty” hd ri. $5! is „L. "4 1 15 a1 
1 : 445 ; . 4 - — 
1 8 kant pin. 


; " 0 
> 7 3 s . ond.” „ 1 f 4 
_ £21 TEE eter * Sr N ; 


5 — N 10 2 1 2 
„ * * 7 
. a wg » 3 94 
8 > 0 p 7. 37 
I = - * * 
* 1 # 
> * - « 
J . 


= + o 


* 


2 
—— 


* 


W. 14 


, 
* 
” 
4 
— T% 9 
” n 4 
4 A 
1 
1 
is 
"4 . = 
- * ® , 


tom- e e 
capts, chere were. NN of the walue.of roaljees, — Þ 
de ih 12. erte dhe cn 
1, the value of - --_ (. 2,561 1 

from average of S red — — Þ 
And this manufacture, which ties Beet alveys re 
garded as the greateſt, continues WAV} and - _ 3 
to va wand is fad, d lion aha" ar k 
Peorle. i Lig 80 e ee new > 212} —— 
Sime the epoch of the Revolution, | we may 1 1 

| aid to have gained! the manufadti ues of Allg of 2 
R of paper, of irpn, and rhe pore 
ries, with. glaſs; belides, ocher ingenious betr. 
which A a very nei and uſeful 9 AD AF 


We may, indeed\ determines vith-regagd;te hꝗe 


avgmentation of ou manufsctures, and th de au- 
an of oupartizant, from the fla wing ee © 


There were exported,” according wo an ee bf 5 1 
| "the years 1699—1700—170t, products, exc 3 
be Ne befor e mentioned, of the ra 2 
e e an 271 Asen 85 | 3.853,54 I 8 8 FM 


Diggs is 156 155 70 F 7e. 800 v6 =o MES = 
anon u It 2 925 v3 2 & 
Thus Wees lese ese l 
lenimanufiGoriestienty'toubked! in thellaxtgie, 2 
— — — - 
bre chiii/itiebled in heli daneben des 1 

lic Fab. 2 Hoe e ebebel wipe, 0 hap HNOLSTOM as $ 5 1 


7 % *f Fs ed - ” 


2 "oo Wore M's 1 Alt _ 
= + - proportion, — e | 


Evade Hes W Viva, 
_—: ——*byendthetarion, in January 1700 60 i amounted 


5 ; e A ae 5711 eis,! 


8 emplo — e- 
1 _ ++ tween the years 1994 and 74 
"8 | wor 211. 29. 030095 932 e 

* F Engliſh ſhip pg ran © 
8 Ae bg William's | n i 


8 N08 2 . ar 1 


1 a _ 
L * 
Wee * 


. 2 8 . curing tt e Pete 10h. bat & OY 
1 We may ad certainly d 
1 -to the number of 3 who muſt have 


been employed during the latter re 
1 n the former, i in building and repairing our ſhips. 

5 "Ir is hy vſbandry, then, and wanufactures, com-. 
ce; navigation, which every where, in later 
"0 agen» employ and maintain the great- body of the 


* * % ** 3233 


- e. Now, the labour demanded during the | 
EE: fn figs, cry forward the national buſi- 


. n f and evernercid- cad not 5 
5 V 
Ae eriſted in the reign, of King William. -And 
= 2 "Thich b de ds bellere, however; bat e above cnn- 
=. ra did not contain the ſailors of the port of London. 


7 


TE #7 487 * e . 
From EVI - ne may 
certainly conclude, wich ane uf the ableſt writers 


of any age on political cætonomyt The dibetat = | 


 rewagd) of labour, | 4s it:isthejofſe@ of increaſing 
ſo it is che cauſe; of intreafipg population: 


7 


. 2 af it [high wages] is to lament over 


the neceſſary effe8 and cauſe of the greazeſt public 
ptoſperity . bt vii die 1989 205; 


In caleulsting the numbers of People, vn mut 


attentively conſider; the ſtate of ſociety in which 
they: exiſt; Whether as fiſhers and huntersy as 


trade Ot a6 in a "mined. condition, compoſed 


partly, of each. The American tribes, hoc rer 
Preſent the girſt, are found toi be inconſidetabię an 
numbers; becauſe they do not eaſily progure ſub- 
ſiſtence ftom their. vaſt lakes and unboundedcf9r- 


reſts, by fiſhing and hutting, The Aſitie Ar- | % 
tars, who repreſent the/ſecond ſage of ſociety, are 


much more -populons 5 ſince they -derive cbnti- 


nual plenty from-their multitudinous flocks. But, 
even theſe are by no meant equal in population 


to the Chineſe, who acquire their comforts from 
an unremitting induſtry, which they employ i in 
agtieulture, in manufacture, i in the arts, in fiſheries, 
though not in navigation It was foreign: com- 


merce which peopled the; males of the Adriatic | 
„See ae bgety i int the Cüstes of the Wealth of Na- 


tiotis, ch; $ herein Dr, Adam Smith treats Of che Wages of 


Labeur, and incidentally of population, with a perſpleaity, 
an elegance, and a force, which have have book | W 


1 
{at tt 


_ — — Bee hen Bülbanssen Pa 
Required greater weill, aud Mint ee 
eee genen actusted ul; people, e have = 
ſcen, grow but of the earth, aid don 
ine; und warfare.” Hie who cbmpabes che p. 
of England and Wales a the Conqueſt, | 
e che demiſe df Eduard LI. ar che year 1388, 
1 2 our: n in 168, muſt trat n vaſt 
wpdeogteß in tht intervenient remurirs Bat Eng: 
nud can ſwreely be reared ad mandfactüring 
Aud commerial dountry dt the Revolution, ut 
| leaſt ohen contraſted with her preſent proſperity. 


VL hen, who eee ex 


As, our agriculture and 


> 


** 3 *, ao ge, 9 
N manufattures, our commerce and navigation, 
5 werd, argues againſt bade orperience, and even 
daily obſervation- 2 * Jo 1 . | 72006, e398 om 5 19 I 43 


& 


\ r 3 
| St, N R 1 ak 
n CI : | d A A 7 ; * ah * 75 * * — * „ ©; v4 is "A 4 A 8. 
| . Ny * 2 * 1 f | n 8 | 48 * 2 wok. gs Ro : » * n * 7 
wa * — „ e E £ 7% 
| Fs i * ſp © 4 * | 7 4 n 3 # + +414 $678k . : Bred * 
ö A 
| 12 2 : "Fi de ov 4 
7 ' > * I | 
e fa 1 
Sr 
£ | 5 1 Af 
| tian. 1 ee, 188. oh 5 
„„ Th © my 
opulation as aftual ſurveys can give: The numbers: q 
l : 14 
of . houſes returned to the tax- office, as charged ang . 
bargeable, Was, — ie 175 — 729,043 $5.4 J 
Mo ot in 17 — 745,702 
f T7" ; 9 * * Rr For k Y 
h „% IE in 1759. 704,053 ' H 0 
. * 6 » * . . 7 5 
. 5 „ Ys 24 „ Ä 
| r 11-6 1.1 WY GE en OG , _ 
4 > 10 4 . 2 FASL N 8. Ds > a 
10 in 1777 — 7014473 1 
For a momept Doctor Price „ ; 3 
3 VET. . > 4 
þ 1 37 * = 
| would not liſten — 9 EL To) 93 
N55 — 15 : [+ IF. £ : &h + by 
geſtion, that the houſes may as tt 1 
: ; de. 
* 6 5 8 24 g 1 
have exited; though they 2 ˖ 
—. 0 * reel 5 . 4 
were not. included in the re- 11 — 
4 | ad . : * 1 . 4 A 4 7 > 1 3 
| turns Ph , the” intermediate * ee _— 
** 1. ddigi 2 F808 25 0! £47.55 PT . —_ 
returns have becnmadeupat, I 1 
= _ = 
the tax · office, amounting, in 2788. ta: 21543535: 
| : e 4 1 ++. + 4 a IN 8 4 1 0 5 = * : . 1 
| h | 3 3 
| Dr. Pri on Popul. p. 38. - 
r. Price Eflay on Popul. p. 38. =. 
9 
2 1 I 
al 
5 
5 
4 
; 2 3 
Tas 2 e ET 


e - The. chargeable bouſes, TO TOUT LOCTED 
> ia 1781, under 10 windows, are 7,801 - 
auer 21 windows, — — 171,177 _ - 


. 0 4 K 
BYE : , gs | ' " 
4 4 . 1 — 1 ; ; ' 
3 ALY $a 3 1 . ar, 
PENNE Db ZERG II LID EE. eas 25 
* 5 i | 
15 - Cottages. N 284,459 
l | . 89 N is - 
; £ = ＋ 1 
N 5 PRI Ra. ogy 


{4 


l FR N AN 1011 2 TIM þ "4 4 * 3. 3 1 4 vl » 
Fe | Rs 4 wh LS ds ata Ns 12 AY; FN” : N 5 
7 Ne 0 ? 
= . » o „ * - £7 * * 8 4 a y * 4. 
* 4. * "og 6 y ** 4 * 2 *. 
* | | 4 1 - " * 2 N 
7 1 Lf * % a7 + : pe” 4 «1 
8 |. 4, PF s 7 - * 
3 + : 1 1 + 
i 8 * { a 5 
* j * Y ; „ 7 . , 
: * DH; 
[ \ : * 


£ eg 


ee winde, 


- 


8 
in 17503 with che bouſes of 


in 1781. e 


X F: a 
* 944 mY. 1 * g £4 ? | ; f by * 4 4 q <1 : TE - YH e 
* - wy, - s 


ee a0 windows, = — 32373 


: . 1 


| T Total houſes and cottages, in 1781, 1,005,810, | 
"The houſes i in 1750 — 7% 8 8 
I "The cottages in 1756 — 2 ALLE r Trove 


* ' . J 
* ; - : ' * i : 15 „ . x 1 * = 
e »3F. #.3 JN 


4 , » Increaſe fince 2750 — — 


- 4 : . 


The a account of cottages, in 17564 was e a8 appear 
ſtom the tax- office books, on the 20th of November 1756. And 
2 thus, adopting the mode and the materials of Doctor Price's - 


argument, it is ſhewn, that he has been n miſtaken,” 
_ the: depopolation of England, fince 1750. 83 284 


"2,007. 


”" i * 
—— r — 
6 N q . 
0 * „ „ 1h + 
. 
f 2" 
. 1 9 
, k — . 
k oP 4 Ps 1 - 
a, 4 5 4 
8 ow 
„ * * 
4. - / £ . _ 4 72 % 4 F N . * 
* * 
1 # * . 5. t#4þ * * : * * 1 * 
* S = o * 4 . x 
» 
* 
. * " * 8 4 
ww * - 


— 
*% a> % 
5 4 Þ i 
— * 
: - 
- * N 
— 
- 
wx wa 1 

_ * 

: 2 „ +» 
. * 1 * 


- 


* 
” ,- 
- A A B x 
S 5 « * % 8 * S% 
* * . 
J . 
* * 
- 1 * — Ls . 
= P 11 
- 
„ » 6 % 
* » A 4 5 wx + 
* * - * * a 
" 0 N + 7 4 1 * 
: 8 - > 5 1 
3 
— 
7 7 F . 2 23 * * : 5 
1 * 4 % 
4 . 
* Pa a * * * * S K 
o p of 4 ET J 1 * © "8. Kd 7 1 
1 . e e FR; £ 
— £1 1 
— ” = - 
I * "7 * 
- : 
S.. 2 - + ww" 8 223 *. ado x WW 
4 K < * — . n IG ” . 
” 
_ a 1 * 4 N * "A * 
_ 4 = * 4 \ 9 
5 * bes — 4 * 
* k »4 1 5 N + 1 
if 4 , \ . 5 Ns Ay 7 ; » _ - - " 
* = Pl 4 Fa 4h PR, = = 4, * * ? - 
VS i Wax cs 33 <2$64\ 4 4 ad et £5 - — 8 N 13 - ö Nn 5 
Fear ieee n 1 2 % Xt : 1 . . 9 "op 8 il Fg » Fr _ * 81 8 
„ n n 1 3 y 1 1 n . L FLIRT ns We Io e 
4 * r 1 > CAT x X l * R * \ a WR * 7 2 * nee tins WE . r 8 5 k 
. . 2 Ts * 48 2 xy * PERL * 1 > Sad} , 1 . * e 5? 2 7 E n 1 * 3 * WAL 4 n FFI * 


EN: 
} 

: 

— 


- 


A 888 View 
England and Wales, 


1690, aud as 


_—_ $3500 Fee 


bat, Z 
N 22 * "T5 PER II Te n n 


- 


they were mal a th To: 


e STS 


2122 ae of. N * 2 


201 er 
CounTIES. . A 
l SY p 1 
"+ enen N AY . "4Y 
Bedfordſhire 1 77 RANTS 23154 2 9788 — 3 
Berks « * Geet * * — 7 e 5 2 1 2 
Bucks „ el 7 72 . Ie qe AF, 10,687. —; 8.670 4 25 7 
Cambridge 138,629 — 7,220 * —" 9.334 ᷣ — „s ¼dũꝰͤ 
Cheſter TO ax] 2 593 ,——;13;656 = + a682 | © — 1% — 17,207 , . 
Cornwall.. 4713 — 9 "1,649 — 1 — 15,474 
c 157% — 2.509. 13 18 — 21,914 |= "TE * 2 
Derby = = - - _ 244944, — 3 — 9 4 — %% Sy 3 
Devon - 4. - 13 56,0 — | f * — 30,049 - * 618 | 
Dorſet +» =», - . 27,359. WP 980 6 — 17 = 11132 bo 
Durham 33% — 16,298 + 4 1,144 4'= N — 12,418 4 
Vorl 1321,05 — 779 77889 114 — 70 — 76,224 88 
rer : 2 — 20540 > 53046 + — 725 T 25,385 3 
Glouceſter = — 349479. —> 033395 = { $672 _ _ 79 2 = 14,950 A 
Herefotd = © - 186,44 — 0,913” — 22 25 "ws : 22 2 
Hertford. ».. —— 2488 — Ep bh - 2z1.32.. 24.0)» $2527 1 
Huntingdon <= 8,3 5 © — 4,303 — = 3 
Kent 474 — 21 1 2 bark 2 32 — $0,029 =. 30975; 4 
Lancaſhire | — 2 46,961 3 584 2 13 id 333373 :" 30,956 1 
Leiceſter - -/// 120,448 — ard 92 9 4 12,957. = 12-545 1 
Lincoln - -  - 45,019 = 1 7 77 ba) 392 2 — 24,999 — 24,597 A 
London, &. 111,215 — 47,077 254 210 14 — 71,977 — 747 4 
Norfolk .. -//- 306,399 — 12,097 = 14 20,697 — 20,05 a 
— > 75 26,904 — 9.218 245 4 — 12,464. — 10,350 3 
neluded in — — | *; 
. — n 25 eee, 
ottingnam = .- I I — =." 2h 5 10 2 
CE EI 29/65 285 — 12 — 10,362 2 
Rutlang 47+ — 155 — * 8 .— 87 Bo 
Salop - - - - 27,471 — 11,452 = 2225 8 — 13-33 52 = 95 
Somerſet t 4 — 7 Ac — Fo gs EY 26, 4 
Southampton, _ — 14 3 1 — 1 'Y — 15, 82 
Stafford * 4 + 6 — en >. E — 3 — 16,483 4 
Suffolk. = /= - 434537 — 5 got =, 4:970 4 to 3 — 19,589 4 
Surrey, K. 510 — gs — 2 25 — N 2 19,381 4 
Sufſex > „ 14% — 949 8 1 10,57 3 
| Warwiek =" - 22,400 — 9 T% wy 2,440 — — 1,759” — 13,27 = 
J — yg 6,691 — I, 8 349 12 — 49357 Led „144 7 
Wins 7% — 17,323 39 2,959 10 — 44 2 12,856 4 
Worceſter 1 D* 24,440 — 9,78 — 2,319 8 — 9. — 8.79 „ 
Angleſes''»,« 1 nee 147 8 — 1,34 — 2,264 
Brecon * * * „ 3.370 wag 478 8 „gn 3534 ,— 3,407 
Cardigan 4 — 2. - 247 14 — 2,42 — — | 
Ca wh - S $1 "ag | 2 512 21 
Carn A DID 2% 2 — 4 SATs 4 95 18 A. <= MT 2,675 1 
P ee 5 us =. 0 = 255 $4679 
lint ww - - . = — — 3 1 4 , "OY 1 
Glamorgan” <=. e ao 2 2 d 90 — Ne . 
Merioneth = = 4 — „ tre 436 12 2975 — - 18,973 
Monmonth | - '- | - 2 392 77 14 — 4980 — 4454 
Montgomery — 28388 ww 4,047. - $ — 4890 — 5,421 =» 
Pembroke = - . — 2,764 = 347 12 — 2303 — 3s Wo 
8 A 77,921 — 2,092 * 127 8 25 22425 7 . 
ek 3 £ 121 573 4-. 729048 0 721,33 wy 1 
551 . bb Iz — 
1,319,215 | 508.5 , 7 3 


= = 1155 * 9 9 oy * * — , 93/2 .g nl EO * * er 
LA , r . * 2 0 
hee, e r RAPS? 


KR to br pt A 
by N e CW ve 8 e | 
7 FSA N 
? 7 A 2 Not 1 1 1 [ 7 : h , a a * 2 Av a 
$4 N q EF, | 8 8 f : pe 2 - "A ME» e e 
* . * ; BET SE I; Sous 2 DS 2 rs 8 5 4 N . a + <> J L "VP " ” 0 
4 MC 9 . * I's R 5 


oy "ap * 11 0 
2 B Aa- 


Z dees a i 


VII 


| W buys En& ol N 


WF iT — LN us BOO \ 1 


ument it "appears, that 


1 


ved 


ak. off houſes 


ar ißt twenty eee Wr be 
more difigent, ant 
* . than ze other ire 
. 99 0 
ii dechtaſed in 
bk. ir 1750 51, Jr 16 apparent, thas 
8 ghee gyEraowed by London, ge be l laft f : 5 
FLF 


* 


YY 


x 
"S 


* 7 \ .. 
5 


% 


"== eh xematioris* of its domeſtic mag: 
1 8 G - © 
mme fadtunevand-foreignetradey it is: not tèeo much to 5 
_— * Nes ha 
* 2125 aſſocta that it multihave added to beet and" 5 
CM b oe — » A 25 
5 3 | _< — HR 1-4" Pp "Sn: 3H 
OFÞ.- wes DET F194 46M 
2 Th" Shun o y bse Gioners often b diſcharge on 1 5 
— propyly..chargeable. This - WAY occalion. a "A 7 \ 


o 


; x . * 
yt 'f Ld 's of *. : —_—_ * 1 0 * F y : ide... , : 8 Va 
 appareardecrenſer f TOR N 
0 4. 


7 ＋ IV! W e 


. che-vitiage Coroner —— ih che 


"M 9d 
* 


18 * 3 n in 


76 what! bal 61 2 


SAN Lancathire, excluſiyo of Mocha N 


in twenty pen,, 
% „ 
— 4 2 e 2 2 | 2 . bx. 
from 1 iran . ol 


a7" 


m 


25 ** * 7 tj 
ö A 89 © | . 2 > $4 4 
ow OA — > 8 e 0 — 
> = : - 5 £3 
4 * — X ** 2 8 addy _- „„ } — ae, 
£2 V3 r , - (CO RE. fs f : . : N 
* — * 2 = 8 r — 225 & 623 * 22 ts — 7 2 b 
1. £ * 4 7 - 81 * — # 4 99 3 . = 
' N = o ” > 
% 88 £ x * 888.8 — — * 9 "$3. = „ * W 
wats 5 - of ** „„ — — 3„**%ĩ 2 ro ? 4 
12 . 2 | 
, © þ % * 1 
Ez 1 * ho. * > -_ * LAPS. 4 — * * n A 5 
FS oy T 4 n 4 r 4 ? NJ. ES, *. . 
> n < : 4 * w"Y 4 X 2 1 en a 2 
Sa Ae. CE * 
1 8 2 — — ) $2 
3 4 10 * Ws 0 | 
* f 1 4 -* 8-87 . $i 3 8 s 
7 w by E + E 
* 22 AF LF 18 Fry 3 14 r q r 
n = 8 AE! 1 * 
4 . as 1 * 1 * K n 50> * 


| 1 „ 223: 4. 99 1 
77 1783 — 6,819 8 8 1 
| Voters its houſes returned is the e 3 | =. 
10 in 1777 t $4974 ͤĩ “ 
1 Nenn 1818 and in 1784 aT br 5 f Tz 1 
1 Manchefter with Salford have equally increaſed. | oh 
ol hoſes here in bor, in 177 — has 
Alg + in 3783 = 62 _ 
Of which there were rerurned to the ur gien. hs 352 
„% 
II: ess 8 in 1784 22 3.565 47 N 


' England) was ſettled in 1633; yet, it did not contain twenty 
thouſand inhabitants in 1775. Philadelphia was planted in 


74, oO 


. * "1 * * 
. , * ſos 5 " + is 7 * 1 * * ON Bog * v 3 
_—_ a 89 FR : n of 
> - * „ . 8 #7 XY - 
2 * 6 
. : 
— 
* 
— 
* 
= 


n 

„tt he is {aid to be jdle an 1 
argue from the ſtate of population in Vorkſfiire⸗ . 
or in Lancathite;” fee Doctor Price is ready tio 
admit, abar theſe have added mam io nbi numbers *; © 
Yet, owing to what woral'cau/e's ir, that York and tis 
Lancaſhire, ' Cheſter and Derby, have acquired ſo 
many people ? Is it owing to their manufactories; 
andtraffic, and navigation, which augmented eu. 
- ployinents ? © Now; the ſame cauſes have produced 
the ſame effects,” in the other counties of this for- Il 

ol houſes i it e, in 1753 — 3.7 5 


IP Bo Codd. 


Andit might be eaſily ſhewn, that the ſmaller dns ind Kh 
villages of Lancaſhire” have grown nearly in the ſame'pro» . 
portion; and this moſt proſperous county has, during the laſt 
ninety; years, increaſed in the numbers of people with be 2 
boaſted. rapidity, of the American fates... Boſton (in New- + , 


1682; yet, in its happieſt days, it did not comprehend-forty 

thouſand ſouls, The other towns of the American ftates, be- = 

ing moch inferior to theſe, can fill leſs. be compared to the + 1 

manufacturing villages of England, or to Paiſley, in en, I 
R OR of l . 


i O 
" 4 
* N N 
. ” 


* 


0 194 * Re 
tunate. iſland, in proportion as theſe cauſes; have $7 
_ Rrevailed: in each. 03 20.098 of mona 4a 209 

„It is pretended, howevers Gar the aſtoniſhing 
 avgehentation:of our cities did · nor ariſe from births 
amidſt proſperity and. happineſs, ſines many peo: 
ple were broughs from ther diſtricts by the ſallare- 
ments of gain. The; agditional labourets could 
not aſſuredly have come, in gonſiderable numbers, 
from thoſe counties, which hays ſuſtained no di- 
minution of people themſelves: and in no Euro- 
pean country is there leſs migration from one pa- 
riſh to another, than in England. The principle 
of the poor laws.checks, population, by preyenting 
the laborious poor from looking for bettet employ- | 
ment beyond the limits of their native pariſhes. 
Every one knows witti Nhat tyrannie rigour be 
law of ſettlements is enfotced, by ſending to their 
proper pariſhes the adventurous perſons, ve had 
found no employment at home. It is not therefore 
the migration of the adult from the country td the 
town, that continually ſwells the amount of the 
_ buſy, multitodes, which are ſeen to ſwarm where 5 
{puir, of diligence. animates the people: and. it is 
the: employment and habits of induſtry, which are 
given to children in manufacturing towns, that add 
to the" aggregate *of- dwellers in them, more than 
the arrival of ſtrangers... 85 
4 Having, i in the foregoing manner, traced a gra- 
dual progreſs from The Conqueſt to The Revolation 4. 
having thus eſtabliſhed; by the beſt proofs which 


5 1 an . withour enumerations, * 


? L 1 ö that 
* + „ 8! 4 
F ” ; * 


oh "Y wy 3 
abt en Winkeln * 10 one 
tinued to run, but acquired a, rapidity and 4 

nen as f it flowed; we mall not lud it aun 
fince ine chief bcheckions are Rinbved, to afcefkain 
the ptobäble am mount öf che preſent inhabitants. 
He who inſiſts ſts, that "there were in England” and 
Wales 1,366,606 "inhabited kbules itt 1688, Huſt 
equally allow, lie it has been proved, that of 
theſe there were 711,000; which wee inhablted by 
perſons, who! either read altis, or vE Whe ; 
a4 it has been dquilify thews.*thit the Hece 
labour of the preſetit day told not, by any p 

ble exertions, be performed” by the lower btde FI 
_ who certainly exiſted. in 1688, Hence, it Ir fta 
ſonable to 5 & that, finde te 390,00 Barge. 
able houſes, in 1690, were accompabied' with 
710,000 At} of tht poor, the 721,000 charge- 
able houfes of 1781, mult conſequently be iccom . 
patiied with 86, 0 "#wzllinf? of the pour. bon 
fuch is the inference of juft pfoportion. The eil. | 
tin dwellings in England and Wales, when both 
claſſes are added together, muſt be 1,586,000; 
which; if thvltipled'by 53, for the number of per- 
foris ih each, Wo 
be 8, 44), 200: But, there öught till to be an ade. 
quate allowance for empty houſes, and for other 
circumſtances of diminution; which, after every 
deduction, would ſhew the preſent population of 
England and Wales to be rather more than eight 
million; And fuch an angmentation,” as this 
kd finèe the man "altogether 

O2 conliſtent 


diſcover the whole numbers td 


el 196 1. | 
| conliſtent with reaſon, with facts, _ wich n 
e, Wallace, the learned antagooitt 22 Mr, 
Hume, ve ryzuſtly remarks *, « that it is not owin 
4, 0 the N prolific- virtye, but, to the "ic 
« treſſed circumſtances of mankind; every generay 
27 « tion do not more than double themſelves; which 
- *. vould be the caſe, if every man were married 
« at the age of puberty, and could provide for a 
* family. He plainly evinces, that there might | 
have eaſily, proceeded from the created pair 
6791, 456 petſons in ſeven hundred years, | From 
the foregoing diſcuſſions we have ſeen an augmen· 
tation of four million and ry half. of people, during 7 
fix.centuries.and, a quarter, of tyrannys *of war, and 
5 of peſtilence. : But, when we conſider the more 
frequent employments and agreeable comforts of 
the people, their ſuperior freedom and greater 
healthfulneſs, we may aſſuredly conclude, that there 
has been an augmentation of a millign ang a half 


| ſince The: Revolution. WT; 


2h Of this gradual increaſe of 1 3 — 


niſhes a remarkable example, though this kingdom 
has not always enjoyed, during the effluxion of the 
W e is e q: Y 2 


—— 


„ Difſert, om the Wanitts: of Mankind, p- 8. . 
1 Though che hęarth-books of England have ſunk into 
.- blſvion, We hearth-booksof beland remain. From che pro- 

duc of the hearth-tax may be traced its gradyal riſe, as in 


the N which oninges the progred of popute- 
| CAR tion. 


e BU wn os { i 


„ C3 


land has ſuffered, during this period, the miete D 5 


of civil war, which ended in the forfeiture and ex- 
pulſion of thouſands. In this period alſo multi- 
rudes conſtantly emigrated, either to exerciſe their 
induſtry, or to draw the ſword 1 in foreign climes. 
Yet, are there abundant reaſons to believe, that this 
prolific iſland has much more than eee in- 
habitants in the laſt hundred years. F 

Sir William Petty, who. poſſeſſed very minute. 
details with regard to the condition of 
from the Reſtoration to the Revolution, ſtates the 


number of houſes, in 1672, at 200, 20 
The number returned by „ extinct 
ers, in 1781 f, was ante: | 


1 94 EY 


At the firſt epoch, the Iriſh 2 had ſearcely re- 
& n from a long and deſtructive civil war. It 
is ſufficiently known, that in the accounts of 1781, 
there are many houſes omitted, which often hap- 
Pets, when intereſt may be promoted by conceal» 


don. It yielded, according to a five years average; ending 
with . 1687 — 2. 32,416 Aid 


Three years average, with 732 4,46 
Do — — with 1762 b , —— . 55˙19 9 A 
eren years — d. — 777 — 59.869 
e —" 1784 Coles; 
M33 TO N02 DO, «a 178 — 3 63.820 ; 


see Bibl. 240 Brit. Muſ. N⸗ 4106—Mr. A, Young's Tour * f 
Ireland, the Appendix—and Mr. Howlet's Eſſay on the Fer- | 
lation of Ireland, juft publiſhed, p. 9. | 

Fol. Anatomy, p. 7-11-17-116. 
+ Mr. ages Eſſay on the Population of Ireland, p. 13. 
8 | ment. 


% - 


pes Sir William Home: mes 8 dopo: 
e in 1672, at — ee ſouls, 


ere we I multiply 478,000 e | 


— 1 44 i! 10 1 ieee 
- 


| houſes £ of the preſent day, at ae e | 
1 . in each, this would FI. 2 | 


+1104 40 Gy 248 
umber up ee 2.559.000 


* 
(43-0 


- 


jy | And the moſt welligen! Parddss in that dae 
= ſuppoſe Ireland to contain about two millions and 
2 half of fouls *® Were we to admit this as mere- 
ly an approximation to truth, this would" evince i 
ſtill more conſiderable increaſe of people, than, as 
we have ſo many reaſons for believing, took place 
during the laſt hundred years in England, Which 
BY enjoyed more productive advantages. 8 This ex- 
3 ample ought, to be more convincing gun, map Dy ar. 5 
"The ſame adele which in every age nh 
| enced the population of 255 produced fimilap 
effects on the populouſneſs of Scotland. When 
England was poor and depopulated, we may eaſily 
conjecture, that Scotland could not have been very 
opulent or populous. And, as England gradually 
acquired inhabitants, we may preſume Scotland 
followed ber track, though at a great diſtance he- 
hind. An intelligent obſerver might form a ſatiſ 
factory judgment of the previous condition of th& 
two kingdoms, from the accurate ſtatements. 
>  whereon their union was formed. 5 


ige *. 


2 Mr. A Young's Tourin Ireland the affen 
. 1 

® 4 0 hs 1 g 

: z 1 


"47" (take Þ 
rere eg of England was ＋. $:691;80g.. 
"GEO 160 


. * eee us 462 


Of the trade of both we may determine ._ 
| | from the cuſtom-houſe duties, . 
| in England ve N Fa DD 4 4346 


11 


in Scotland - |. + : a 


The groſs income of the PRs was, te 
in Englanßeg — . 101, 0 
iin Scotland -  - nin 
—— 

Ofthe Gr edc ve may . "regal? 
an opinion from the re-coinage 'of ff 


"dork; *Thire were re-coined in Egg 


land, during King We ee L. 8, 400, 0% 


In Scotland, bon afror the Union 411,118 
— „ 
We may decide with regard to the c- N 
ſumption of both from the exciſ- 


duties; neee. 1 
140 | ' 'S r 4. 94060 
EEE | In Soptland ro. - 334500. 


FR theſe details - it is ns to infer. that 
Scotland poſſeſſed, in thaſe days, no flouriſhing huſ- 


1 5 ry, few manufactories, little commerce, and 
circulation, though there had certainly been a 
' conſiderable advance, 1 in * bels curing the we 


by De Foe, juſt . gba by Stockdale. 
818 *1 e 0 4 8 | 2 preceding | 


1 


„ 


- 1* See' the elaborate veal tir e- unn. 5 


IF, . 
} 1 
e 
he C - . = 4 ” 
* - 
a : 
— * 1 
” F * : 
” of 4 * * 


3 preceding centuries; · 11 « Nimbers of bebe 
1 gteateſt. riches of other nations,” ſaid Mr. Law“, 
in 1 1705. * are a burden to uys the land 1 not 
5 c and other ta foreign trade 
ec are neglected. Such was the deplorable _ 
of Scotland at the * of its happy union wm. 
England. | | 
The Scots were for years too 0 . in 
| religious and political-controverſy, to derive from 
| that fortunate event, all the advantages which, at 
length, have undoubtedly flowed from jt. Their 
misfortunes, ariſing chiefly from theſe evils, have, | 
however, conferred on them the moſt invigorating 
benefits. The laws that a wiſe policy enacted, 
created greater perſonal independence, and eſta- 
bliſhed better ſafeguards for property, which have 
produced the uſual effects of a more anjmiting in- 
duſtry, Of the intermediate improvements of their 
tillage we may form ſome judgment from the riſe of 
rents, and the advance of the purchaſe money for 
land, which muſt have neceſſarily proceeded from a 
better huſbandry, or a greater opulence. The ma- 
nufactures, which the Scotch doubtleſs poſſeſſed, i in 
-1707, though to no conſiderable extent, have not 
ww been greatly 8 7. but to the old, new 
| on 


: % 


8 9 on n a Trade. 132 be 
I The quantity of linen made for ſale in Scotland, during 

yp Fa was only 2,090,000 yards ;; but, in 1775. 1a, 
pt The . is the . * of Scotland; * | 


" EF 
- 2 „ ” 


„ 
3 . e 8 
the Union, if we may believe Mr. Lau, to about 
C. 300,000: The whole of theſe exports were car- 
6ʒIv ?! SEO 5 
if we may credit the cuſtom-houſe books. The 
tonnage of ſhipping, which annually anos > 5 
ports of Scotland, at the firſt æra, was only, 
10, 00 but, at the laſt, 93,000 tons. The 
foregoing ſtatements, general as they are, will 
evince to W ee en how mack the 
23 3277 

FAA ͤ ar HE a | 
might from this infer a very confiderable augmentation. ig 
every other manufacture. | 

In the Harl. MSS. No. 6269. Brit Mu. there is a lx ef 
the ſhips belonging to Scotland, (as they were entered in the 
| Regiſter General kept at London) and; Trading in the port orf 
that kingdom, from Chriſtmas 1707, to Chriſtmay 1712, diſ- 
_ tinguiſhing thoſe belonging to Scotland, prior to the Union, f 
as follows: 


* FP Bee OF, * (lun Tons: | 
Total — Igi23 — $0232 
Prior to the Union 215 — 14-485 


2 1 — —_— $50747 
There belonged to Scotland, in 1784, of Ms 


_Yeſlels, which entered V7 ney. = 1,649 — 92,3493 
— Q — 

' Ofwhich eee N 25 08 

| Veſſels. Tons. N 

Coaſt trade - 709g 31,8444 6; 

Wo ſhallops, 4c. 297 — WE: 55 


g e — 2222. 
Thee comparitive- ſatements evince ntoudiedly 75 "very 
conſiderable increaſs of ipping in the a 
1 | commerce 


— — — — — 
n n _ — 
— omg 


= = —— — — 


= —— 1 . 2 — 
— p — . — — — * — — pup - — r 
- Ta . * — — 
- 


— Pape 


( yo * 


a e le se- bend dase 8 in⸗ 
_ ercalcd, ſince the hearts and hands of the wo. 


Stony were fortunately jained together. 
Of the traffic of Scotland, it ought to 3 


£7 a ng that it is more caſily driven from its 


courſe than the Engliſh, either by internal misfor- 
tunes, or by foreign warfare; becauſe it is leſs 


rang eſtabliſhed; it is ſupported by ſmaller ca- 


pitals ; and its range is leſs extenſive. The banks 


ruptcies of 3772: deducted nearly C. 300, ooo from 


the annual exports of Scotland. The commercial 
events of our two laſt wars would alone Juſtify 
this remark, Let us compare, then, the exports 


of Scotland, when they were the loweſt, during the 
| war of 1755, with the loweſt exports of the co- 


lony-war, and the higheſt exports of the firſt, with 


the higheſt of the ſecond z becauſe we ſhall there - 


1 ſee the Ep monte: and elevations of both; FR 


-The Value of Exports, 7 1 NG 1 


1785 ai 535.577 — in 1782 = C. 653,709. 
in 1756 — 5628, 049 — in 1778 = 702, 820 


e - 828,577 - — in 1781 — 29 
6 


- 1,086,205 — in 5 — 1 


in 1761 - 1,165,722 — in 2777 — $37,649 
in 1762 = 998,165 — in 1280 — 3,992,939 


When we recolſect, that 9 Britain was en- 
gaged, dering the laſt war with her colonies, which 


F 


occupied ſo much of the foreign trade of Scot - 
te . — Francgs with Spain, and with Holland, 


. 4 2771S We 


we oyght not tobe feds that ſo much ſhould 
| be loſt, as that ſo much ſhould remain, after ſeyen- 
years hoſtilities. It was deranged, but it was got 
ruined, az had been. predifted, in 1774. And, 
when the various preſſures of this moſt diſtreſaful 
war were removed, though with a tardy hand, 
is began to riſe, yet not with the elaſtieity of 
1763, becauſe the colony commerce, which fur- 
niſbed ſo many of the exports of Scotland, had 
been turned into other channels. But, the follow. _ 
ing detail will enable us to form a more accurate 
JO. with a to this en ſobje&t +: . 


ei Dor 


The Value of Exports From Scotland. 
in 16 - £998,165, — in 37832 . N 7 
in 1763 - 1,091,436 — in 1283 Saga 
in 1764 19243»927 7 in 1284 9891990. - 


I + P 
It ovght however to be remembered, tat! in the 


firſt period, complete peace was eſtabliſhed in 5 


15633 but, in the laſt, it was not fully reſtored 
till the middle of 1784. Let, the ſhipping of 
Scotland will be found, as we have already per- 
ceived. them to be in England, our moſt infallible 
guides y becauſe, the entries of ſhips are more gc- 


curately taken than the value of cargoes, ang trade 
can ſcarcely be ſaid to decline while our veſſels 


increaſe, | Let us attend, then, to. the-fpllowing 
detail of ſhips, which entered in zhe ports of Scotw 


land, during the following yeaing both>betbre bn 
after war: = An: nk OY, 


* 


- — — ye 
— — — — — pany —„-—L⅛— 
- = — — ” — — 
—— _ — 
— D —2 8 — 2 At. , $ 
l * : — o — — 
af wy __——— — R 
—— — — — — 8 
r —__—_— — — I — 
- — * = . 5 
— _ * 


8 — _ — 83 — — — — 
— a > . — = 
— 7 —UUU—U—ä — oo — * 
+. —F N 2 2 — > _— p 
— 9s — - * — — . * 
. - ay ns an — . — —_—— : 
po a a — — — — —— — — ——ñ— ——— - - . 
= _— * — . a 2 
* — ee Ee ent — — — ũ— — — Is | . | | 0 8 ' | : 
8 
— — | | 
— ___——_— —r—_—_—_ eo — — : - a 
* : - 1 a - 27 | f | i | 
a wy | | | 
o 4 a 4 | k * 
p , 2 he | | 
: - — K . ; 8 
* & 1 l | 2 | | 
: ; ; | 
| < 
— * 


ol CR * * 
— — . eee 
ä — — — 
* 1 
= 
x Y 
1 0 L . 


— —ů — — 


1H 
- 
. 
[4 
i 


ES f 204 ) 
my ede Tra: - Colt Tride, * Filing, 2 
in 1769 — 48,2 1 tons. 21,615 tons. 10,275 tons. 
in 1774 "52,225 — 26,214 — . 

1 50,386 — 31,542— 10,4212 


— * —— —— ——— — enmntimenenees + 

It is Apparent. then, that though the: dawn 
trade of Scotland was ſomewhat inferior, in 1784, 
to that of 1774, it was equally ſuperior to that of 
1769: That the coaſt trade was much greater, in 
1784, than ever it had been in any prior year: And, 
that the fiſhing buſineſs of 1784 was more exten- 
five than it had been in 1769, but much more 


- confined than in 1774, if we may implicitly cre | 


dit the euſtom · houſe books. ; 
However the foreign trade of Scotland may 


have been depreſſed by the colony- war, there is 


reaſon to believe, that ſhe has thereby added to 
her domeſtic manufactures. The commercial ca- 


; pitals, which could no longer be 2g abroad, 


yere at length. more uſefully laid 


„bs cufiom-houſe account, from which the above Getail 
is taken, ſtares the "ſhips 7 belong to Scotland, accounting each 
weſſel only one voyage in every year. This comparative eſtimate 
of the ſhipping, which were emplayed in the foreign. ar over- 
ſex trade of Scotland, may be carried dock El 
763. Tins there were employed, | 1 


in 1759 — 29,902 tons. in 1761 — 37, 411 tons. 5 


out at home. 


1 163 — 33,332 — 1 1764 — 41,076 


Whence we may aidoubuadly conclude, that Scotland poſſeſſes, 
ba e e 
1163. ens 9 pres amo 


8 | Inſtead 


(ms) 


Inſtead of promoting the labour of other countries; 
theſe.. capitals furniſhed. employment tb; many 
hands, within, the kingdom, And Scotland has 
by this means extended her valuable manufacture 
of gauzes 1 ſhe has augmented the number of her 
print- fields; ſhe has acquired every branch of the 


cotton buſineſs ; and ſhe has greatly increaſed her 


linens *®. Thus it is, that an active people may 
be even enriched, by throwing obſtructions in the 
way of their foreign commerce. And, if pro- 
ductive labour conſtitutes genuine wealth, the Scots 
may be regarded at preſent as a nation more in- 


duſtrious and opulent than they were before the 


colony-war began. 

' Theſe obſervations apply wy to England. 
Every occurrence, which at any time turned addi- 
tional capitals into domeſtic employments, neceſ- 
ſarily. contributed to improve the agriculture, to 
augment the manufactures, and to incfeaſe the 


wealth of the country, by yielding a greater 


quantity of productive labour. A review of the 


foregoing documents would illuſtrate this ſubjeR. 
As a ſupplemental proof, I have annexed 4 chrono- 


0 Of Linens there were made for ſale 3 


in 1772 13,089,006 yards. in 1782 - pla BR. 18 


1773 10, 748,110 — 1783 - 17,0744777 
1774 - 11,422,115 — 1784 19,138,593 


The greater number of ſhipping, which are at preſent em- 
ployed, than before the war, in the coaſt- trade of Scotland: 
Rooms alſo to evince an augmentation « of domeſtic men- 


" logical _ 


Pa, 


3 n ne. "oe 
18 __— 88 ec |: #4 — 


* 


af; +: „„ r 1 
* ks 1 eee el. 1 j * . * 


Reſtoratbm to che yes 1785; with 
view of the 
meneement, the ftruggles ef 


me * en _ has deb 


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— 


a 3 8 

" i” 10 5 2 ? 2 gt ** * Re * * 

* bY. ROE flor takes LG 9 * . f 

1 * — 5 4 

* 4 
276 5 as ” 
\ ip 

Fro ; 


63 — $561,724 — 
64 — $533,934 — 
65 — 651,402 — 
66 — 684,281 — 
67 — 645,335 — 
68 — 668,786 — 
69 — 709,855 — 
#770 « — 703,495 — 
71 — 773,390 — 
72 — 818,108 — 
73 — 771433 — 
74 — 798,240 — 
75 — 783,220 — 
76 — 778,878 — 
77 — 736,234 — 
78 — 657,238 — 
79 — $90,911 — 


* 


Iro Bag. De foreign. Total. 
66: | | 
148 98266 — 47534 — 142,900 
15 —1 — — 285, 800 
2 144585 — — — 244,788 
121 273,693 = 43635 — 317,328 
1709 — 243693 — 45625 — 289,318 
1712 — 3 293115 — 3555735 
1713 | 1 
7 421,431 — 26,573 — 448,004 
1726) | 
7 432,832 — 23,651 — 456,483 
1736 N 17 55 
37 > 476,941 — 26,627 — 303, 568 
3 5 ; 
1739 | 
40 } 38344191 — $7,260 — 471,451 
41 
1749). | | 
87 — 609,798 — $1,386 — 661,184 
„ : 
| 5 { a) 431,254 — 73,456 — 5245710 
In of George 1 2760 — 471,241 — 102,737 — 573973 


61 — $08,220 — 117,835 — 626,055 
62 — 4$0,444 — 120,126 — 600,570 


87,293 — 649,017 
74,300 — 658,734 
67,855 — 719,257 
61,753 — 746,034 
63,206 — 709,041 
724734 — 741,520 
63,020 — 772,875 
57476 — 760,971 
63,532 — $36,922 
72,603 — 890,711 
54,820 — 826, 303 
65,273 — $62,513 
64,860 — 848, 086 
72,188 — $51,066 


$3,463 — $19,702 


98,113 — 7554351 
139,124 — 730,35 


1780 — 619,462 — 1344515 — 7539977 
81 — $47,953 — 163,410 — 9114363 
82 — 552,351 — 208,511 — 761,362 
23 — 795,669 — 187069 — 953-638 
84 cls $46,355 — e — 9597419 


1 


— 4.2044 3-——fü— 


l ene 1 rind 


3,870,499 


14,266,654 — 1,729,915 — 


A CHRONOLOGICAL ACCOUNT of COMMERC: 


' 
: 


Value of Cargoes exported. 
Engliſh. Scorch. — Total. 
= £. 2,043,043 


4086,87 — 
352590 — 


| 6,045,432 — 
Kaese 


72696,573 — 


= 
* 


7.891,739 — 775891,739 


9.993332 


8,870, 99 


7 


39.993232 — 


L 


—_ 
| | 


12,599,112 — 12,599,112 


, 


11,708,515 — 663,401 — 


14,694,970 — 1,086,205 — 
14,873,191 — 1,165,722 — 
13,545,191 — 998, 165 — 
14,487,507 — 1,091,436 — 
16,512,404 — 1,243,927 — 
Rap eee — 1,130,867 — 

4 — 1,163,704 — 
We My — 1,245,490 — 
15,117,983 — 1,502,150 — 
13,433,236 — 1,563,053 — 


12,371,916 


15,781,175 
16,038,913 
144543336 
15,578,943 
17,756,331 
£537 31,374 
15,188,668 
I 5,090,001 
16,620, 13 
15,001, 289 
15,996, 565 
19, 018,48 
17,720, 165 
16,37 5,42 
17,288,48: 
16, 326, 36. 
147555695 
I 3,49 1,00! 
127253, 89⁰ 
134539,70 


17,161,147 — 18579334 — 
16,159,413 — 1,560,756 — 
143763,253 — 1,612,175 — 
1559164344 — 1,372,143 — 

1 55202,366 — 1,123,998 — 
1337299726 — 1,025,973 — 
124653363 — $37,643 — 

11,551,070'— joa, 820 — 
12,693,430 — $37,273 — 
11,622,333 — 1,002,039 — 12,624,37 
10,569,187 — 763,109 — 11,332,294 
12,355750 —» 653,709 — 13,009, 
13,851,671 — $29,824 — _ 14:681,49 


e ee == a e 


23 .» * 


ERC E. in this wee a th Rasen to the 8. e 196; | 


1 


Ks, "9 


= 

N 7. 
* 
- 


* 


orted. | — 1 I. 15 Nett Cuſtoms Money coined. 
| ny . into — 2 
... * Scotch. . Excheguer. 1 
a ROOT | iy „TL. nn 
s nn} . !( — = — — . 08e By James n. - __ 270M 
3.525, — FL. 45320 —— — £.44,90 — * e L. rogrigh 
6,045,433 — 7,386,833 —— 586832 — 1474861 . 7 
134357 — 2,1641 — — — 2,6451 — 1325753320 f Anne, » 2,691 
8867145 — 304175 — — — 56175 — 1,315,423 7: 6: 
7,696,573 1,904,151———— mes 1,904,151 — 1,888,162 ; By George I. One & $72 
7,391,739 — 3+514,763 — — = 2,514;763 — 1,621,731 
99933232 — 4:642,502 == — 464, % —  1:4924009 
5,37 — 2-455,313 — — — 2,455,313 — 1399865 
12,599,112 — 6,521,964 — — — 6,521,964 — 1,565,943 ; ; 
* ' | | Gala, 11,662,216: 
12,371,916 — 4,046,465 —— — 4046465 — 1769314 By George 1. 8 N - — 
5787, — 6546.7 — 235,412 — 5987,63 — 1969934 C. Tg 1166, 50 
16,038,913 — 6,822,051 — 417,082 — 739,33 — 266,5 —— 
543,336 — 6,263,858 — 289,240 — 5,6598 — 358,47 n 
5378,43 — 44959146 — 187,545 — 4.683,69 1 — 2,249,604 
1757 56,331 — 6,148,096 — 357,575 — 6, 505,7 — 2,169,473 N 
5,731,374 — 3,660,764 — 258,466 — 3,919,230 — 227231 | 
15,188,568 —— 2,549,189 — 182,715; — 2,731,904 — 2,443,280 
509%, —— 1,770,555 — 222,293 — 7,992,848 — 2,355,850 
16,620,133 — 43,239,322 — 265,501 — 3, 50423 — 2,445,016 ; 
15% 89 — 1,529,676 — 337,523 — 1,867,199 — 2,639,086 
15,996,569 — 2:049,716 — 514,556 — 2,564,272 — 2,546,144 VR 
19,018,481 — 4339151 — 471,005 — 4,810,156 — 2,642,129 | NP 
17,720,169. — 2,860,961 — 350,492 — 3,211,453 — 2,525,596 - r 
16,3748 — 3,356,412 — 496,376 — 3,882,788 2,4397017 Re Is „ 
17,283,487 — 2,388,678 — 169,866 — 3,058,544 — 2867%%/%nf7“6᷑ĩ•ñʃꝗ±„ 3 | 
1457551699 — 2,962,424 — 2793292 = $244,716 — 2,480,403 "before the i __—_ .. - 
1 % — 14722996 — 35,389 — 150h,385 — 2,229,106 of Dec. 750. = 
1232533890 mn 1,379,652 — 3 1,3796563 — 2,462,681 
1353% 0 — 2,092, 133 — 62,50 — 2,1634 2,502,274 From t Dec. in S 2, 
12,024,372 — 1,688,494 — 99,315 — 1,789,809 oo; 279 = ſpan T 
NN — 32343 — ? — 2443 — 286,363 62%, 2 246 _ 
14:68 1,495 — ee — — n — 218 
35,101,275 — ee oP. — 7 "Wis": 3 N , 


m 


Nw hug * CRY W 
1 * 9 1 7 c * 
n 
* * OS - 5 
1 * A * : 
: . : 
* 4 Fs * * 
5 9 * qc 
* - 


40 fs n 1 W 
the diſpoſition / of the parts and che arrangement a 
the whole; ln the firft.column may be ſeen the vari⸗ 
ou epochs, beginning with the Reſtoration; whenee 
_ © eertdinty- may be ſaid to commence, and ending 
Vith the year 1784, becauſe; here our documents 
fail, as the public accounts are vet brought np 
lower down. The ſecond column gives the ton- 
ö nage of the ſhipping that ſucceſſively ſailed. from 
England, diſtinguiſhing the Engliſh. from the for 
Teig, in order to find, in the amount of n He 
_ che ſalutary effects of che act of navigation. I he. 


dine; ſem out, that the extent of hecaraves may 
be.compared wich. the quantity, of ronnage which 
carried. them: and, though the Scotch tonnage 
could not be adjoined, the value of the Scotch ex- 
ports is added, becauſe every one finds a gratiſica · | 
tiom in extending his views. The fourth column | 
-* exhibits the reſult of our exports and .. imports 
compared, which forms. what has been denomi+ 
;- nated" the balance of trade. The fifth column 
ſtutes the nett cuſtoms, which our foreign com- 
merce has yielded at different periods, becauſe, 
while the derail gratiſies curioſity, it furniſhes! no 
inconſiderable proof of the proſperity or decline of 
our traffic. And the laſt column contains, N 
may be regarded as the reſolt of the whole, the 1 5 
ſums which have been coined in England, during 
every reign ſubſequent. to the Reſtoration; be 74 
..,_ cauſe: the mint, as Sir Robert Cotton ee it, 5 5 
Wl _— F 2h 


; 
* 
5 
U 
CS 
[4 
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t 
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FR; 
|; 
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A” 
; I 
1 
— 
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13 
- 5 That 
* * : 
4 
a N a "2, * 
** 0 = = * yy . , 
8 881 2 „ 
C , * "OF 4 P 
« fg os El 
— $ © . 
* Lond T3 - 
* 3 . 5 29 — F 
' ( 4 : 0. «5 Fs. = A wy —_— 1 CAT 
4 8 Mb, ep 1 — 2: 1 1 0 So 641 3 0 ' 4 1 
4 - 6 * h ; c . R 8 5 8 24} * 525 . 
r q ., K & 11111 3 a "us 37 2 1 : W 1 
\ *y7 E * * 4 16 . "I . * A 4 1 1 1 * — | — „* 14 4 — t \ £ 
E 1 | 
| * n 3 
- 4 1c y * £r 
1 4 N 3 n 


he Abet the ak bf our ellen 8 3 15 
from the commencement of the ſeventeenth cen- 
tury to the ra of tlie Reſtoration, had beef re- 


markably rapid, all mercantile writers ſeern to ad- 


mit. The navigation act contributed greatly to 
eertry this advance up to the Revolution. Sir 
8 Widliam Petty ſtated, in 1670, that the 5. N 
ping of England had crebled in 1155 years? 

Doctor Davenant afterwards aſſertedꝰ, e that ex- 
ö perienced merchatits did agree, that we had, in 
15688, near double the tonnage of trading u 


ping to what we had in 1666. And Anderſon tf 


inferred, from the concurring teſtimony of authots 
bon this intereſting ſubject, . chart the Engliſh nation 
©. was in the zenith of commercial proſperity at the 
Neyolution.“ We have already examined how 
much the commercial gain of our traders was 
#5. taken away by the war which immediately fol- 
lowed that moſt important event in our annals. 


But the eye muſt be again thrown over the chrono- 


logical table, if the reader wiſhes for a more com- 
prehenſive view of the continual progreſs of navi- 
gation, from the ſtation of eminence to which Au- 
derſon had traced it; its temporary interruptions; 3 
And its final exaltation, ſince the independence f 
the American ſtates. If we compare the greatneſs 

of 1688, with the amount of 1774 and 1784, we 


ſhall diſcover that the navigation of the latter 
epochs had reached a point of the mercantile hea- 
vens ſo much more exalred than the e as to | 


"Ko. 


- © Val. l. p. 29. . + Commerce vol, ii. 5. 3 167. 


KIN hh ITT . | W 


0 209 * 
reverſe. its poſition 5 as as to convert what vu once 
* a i inte . nadir now. ares J0 


PP rn * j err 11. T7 


The famous Mn Gregory King, cal-.. dase Ke Fee 


culated *, . that we gained annually _ nat gt 


en he freight of Ex ii ſuE. is 


f + 1686, 10 23571: ia eh 27 2 1. doc, 


If the oath national preſt on an 13 621.8 
trade f England, in 1698, At) nn 1 
amounted to 1. 810, oo N 210. n843 


* ouglit to have been the: national 


profit on our naval trade in vine? c pop pl 
If 3g0,000tons gained £.8490;000, e 


| 790,000'tons/muſt have gained -£: oon a5 5 


r tom, including the Scots 2603 
mips, maT <> agg) have gained, in W. 
e J eee {x 4,060,900, | 


ie 18 bites a vaſt ſum to be anhvally 


gained from our outward freights ; ;; but, great as 


it appears, when the ſame ſum is added for our 
inward freights, in a mere mercantile light, the 
immenſe navigation, from whence it ariſes, muſt 
be conſidered as ſtill more advantageous to tha 
ſtate, as a TRY ſource, from which erer 


oy n 4 
, £4 2 bn 
SOT ©S 


©» Dar, Works, vol. vi. 146, 1 — 1 12 


- +.” - , . 4 
% Xe -gf* R ® ; # © 4 , b 
== 1 9114 1 5 *s = * 2 * 3 
” I * 
* * * P 
* - 
” 3 * 
- - 


1580 | Englith, pe foreign. © Tot 4 
Contraſt VIGIL 190,533 — 9567 — a 1 


with 1774 — 798, 240 — 65,273 — 863,513 . 
with 1984 — 845.355 — 113,064 — ene 


eee 4 


und -teanſports may be conſtaatly drawn for the 
uſes of war. If from the tonnage, which may de 
moſt ſafely followed in diſcovering the benefits 
of our navigation and commerce, during every 
unge, we look into the column ef cargors, in the 


chronological table, we ſhall- find an excellent 
auxiliary, in the ledger of the inſpector-general, 
for conducting our ee wo © our 
Judgments. 
To inveſtigate the: e we: our FOI nod of 
dur imports, during tde diſturbed times of our Kd- 
wards and Henries, or even in the placid days of 
Elizabeth, would de a:reſearch of curioſity rather 
than of uſe. On a ſobje& of ſuch difficult diſouſ- 
fion, as no ſufficient data had yet beeneſtabliſhed, 
the moſt judicious calculators could: only ſpeak 
in terms indefinite; and therefore: unfatisfactory: 
yet, Sir William Petty, Sir Joſiah Child, Pr. Dave- 
nant, and Mr. Locke, all agreed in aſſerting, that 
our commerce flouriſhed extremely from 4666 to 
1688, when ir had increaſed beyond all former 
example; and when its general growth, in the 
opinion of the moſt experienced merchants, was 
double in its magnitude at the Revolution, to its 
uſual ſize at the Reſtoration. In the chronolo- 
125 gical table, the value of exported commodities 
5 1 5 . for both theſe ewe po by a Rindard, 


7% 


Sh: "Diving that day. of e 1 he 

experienced Sir Philip Meadows, whoſe preſence 
for ſo many years did _ honour to the Board of 
| 1 


( 214 ) 
Trade, fat down to form © a general eftimate of the 


trade of England,” from the amount of the duties 


Paid at the cuſtom- houſe on our importations and 
on our exports. Directed by his native ſaga- 
city, he produced a ſtatement of our commerce on 
an average of the three years of war 1694=5=—63 
which appears now, from a compariſon with the 


entries in the ledger of the inſpeQar-general, to 
1 _ Wha nA exact. 


2 


„ 
8 


5 of exports'*, according to Sir Philip's 2 

150 calculation, — C. 3,12% 

Dy, according to the legen * 0 . 
Michaelmas 505 to D' 1697, 36525 997 


Value of i imports, according © "Ih | 
b T . 3/050,000 
De, according to the ledger, 3:48 2,587 | 
F avourable balance of trade, ac- — — 
. » cording to him, — — L. | 74,000 


— 


„ according to the ledger, — 43,341 


© the foregoing detail, from which we aſcer- 


55 b compariſon nearly the truth, Re Nd 


Bot Sir P. Meadows 3 from his ecalation 6 
value of butter, cheeſe, candles, beef, pork, and other pro- 


_ viſions exported to the Plantations, and the'value of their 

products imported i into England, which were afterwards con- 
| ſumed; being in the nature of our coaſt-trade among our 
own people.” Had he included thefe, his ſtatement had 
deen fill nearer in its amount to the ledger ot e 


* 


* 1 4 


05 212 5 N 1 


| the inconſiderable extent of the national commerce” 
at the peace of Ryſwick. If, ſaid that able ſtateſ· 
man, the preſent condition of England be not ſatis- 
fallory to the public, from ibe general account of it here 
mentioned, various ways may be followed to im- 
prove it: And his ſuggeſtions having been gradu- 


From that epoch, we have in the books of the 


inſpector- general all the certainty, with regard 
to the annual amount of our exports and our 
imports, which the nature of ſuch- comnpli- 
cated tranſactions eaſily admit. But, ſhould the 
nation wiſh for more ſatisfactory evidence, on 
a ſubject ſo intereſting, becauſe it involves in it 
the welfare of the ſtate, the ſame motion, which 
was made in the Houſe of Commons by Mr. 
Lownds *, during the reign of Queen Anne, to 
oblige the traders to make true entries of their 
. cargoes, may be again propoſed, and, if it can 


be freed from objection, carried 1 into effect by pur 
liamentary regulations. 

Mean time, the tonnage of ſhipping, Mi 
tranſported the ſuperfluous products of England, 
has been adjoined, in the foregoing table, to the 


value of cargoes, in order to ſupply any defect of 


ly — 


24 In order to prevent this miſchief [of exaggerated entries] 


| | ſays Davenant, à clauſe was offered, and very much infiſted 
on by Mr. Lownds, but obſtructed by the merchants, for ends 
not very juſtifiable, and the clauſe was not received. '—Dav. ; 


Ms r. Whitworth's edit. ba 443+ 


—_ EIT | _ proc 


ally adopted in after times, produced at length 
the wiſnhed-for effects of an active induſtry at 
home, and a proſperous navigation abroad. 


44 


* (C06) 
proof, and to corroborate the certainty. of each 
'dy-a fair compariſon of both. When Sir Philip | 
Meadows conſidered, with ſo much attention, 


our commercial affairs, he gave it as his opinion, 
that the advantage of trade cannot be computed 


by any general meaſure better than by that of 


the navigation.“ It requires not, indeed, the 


graſp of Sir Philip's mind to perceive, that the 
tonnage is naturally the evidence the moſt to be 
relied on, where there is any doubt: in this mode 
of proof there is no fiction: the entries are made 
at the Cuſtom-houſe, on the oath of the maſters; 
yet the tonnage is ſuppoſed to contain about one- 


third leſs than the truth: but, the general ave- 
rage being once known, and admitted, we may 
argue from the apparent amount, with no more 
- dread of deception, than we ſhould expect from 
the notices of the moſt authentic record. In 
comparing the value of the cargoes with the ex- 
tent of the tonnage, as both are ſtated in the 
foregoing table, we ought to infer that the firſt 
muſt always be ſuperior in its riſings and depreſ- 
ſions to the laſt. It was with a view to this 
compariſon and correſpondence, that the bullion, 


whoſe annual exportation for ſo many years 


. frightened the graveſt politicians, was deducted 
from the value of the tranſported merchandize; 
ſince it occupied little room in the tonhage, yet 
ſwelled conſiderably the calculation of the general 
cargo: But, the exported bullion was retained in 


forming the balances of trade, becauſe, though it 


cannot properly be conſidered as a manufacture, it 
P3 n ought 


Hb? 


hg 


> 


n OY to * N a very vel. e 
part of our actual wealth, which we ſend abroad a 


Y expectation of a profitable return, 


Thus, we fee in the foregoing documents the tt 
evidence, with regard. to our navigation and bur 
trade, that the nature of the enquiry admits, He 
who wiſhes to ſatisfy his doubts, or to gain infor- 
mation, by throwing his eye over the ſtate of our 
| exports from 1696 ro 1774, as it has been pub- 

liſhed by Sir Charles Whitworth ; or the value of 
cargoes which have been exported during the pre- 
ſent reign, as they have been arranged in Fe 
foregoing table ; muſt perceive, that when one 
year furniſhes a great exportation, the next ſup- 
plies the foreign markets with leſs ; the third 
uſually ſends a cargo ſuperior to the firſt; and the 
fourth gives often a ſmaller quantity than the laſt, 
whoſe amount however is ſeldom below the level 
of the firſt. This ſtriking variation ariſes chiefly 
from the irregularities of univerſal demand, ſince 
foreign fairs are ſometimes empty and ſometimes 
full ; and partly from the ſpeculations, perhaps 
| the caprice, of traders. And it has been ſhewn 
from the moſt ſatisfactory proofs, that the year of 
profound peace, which immediately ſucceeds the 
_-concluſion..of, a lengthened war, always furniſhes 
à great exportation, becauſe every merchant makes 
haſte to be rich; Thus, 1698, 1714, 1749, 1764, 
and 1784, form epochs of great relative traffic, 
But it is from the averages of diſtant years, at 
given periods, that we can only form a decided 
opinion with regard to the real pra] perity or de- 
Cay 


Gag) 
A of commerce, or of ni 


= 


arigation: Thus 


. 
7 Q 
: 1 
— 8 
” # \ 
N F 


from the Reſtoration, to the Revolution, the fo-- 


reign trade of England had doubled in its amount: 
from the peace of Ryſwick to the demiſe of King 


William, it had nearly riſen in the ſame propor- 
tion. During the firſt thirty years of the current 


century, it had again doubled: and from the year 
1750 to 1774, notwithſtanding the i interruptions 
of an eight-years intervenient war, it -appears*to 
have gained more than one-fourth, whether'we de- 
termine from the table of py" or rthe vas 
Jue of exports, | 
76 Though the late war Gi to have Si ts. 
velled rather againſt the induſtry of the manufac 


furer and the projects of the merchant, - than 


againſt the force of our fleets or the power If our 
_ armies ; though repeated blows of unuſyal ſeverity 
have been given to our navigation and our trade; 


yet, our domeſtic diligence curſes with vnabiilt 
ardour its uſual occupations the number df Our 


ſhipping at preſent is great beyond example; and 
our trade, which was ſaid to be almoſt undone, 
ſtill riſes ſuperior to its various oppreſſions. Let 
theſe conſiderations comfort every lover of this 


country, ſince it is as difficult to animate the de- 


ſp ondent, as it is to eonvince the incredulous. 


If from theſe exhilarating topics, we turn to the 


column in the chronological table, which is occu- 
pied by the balance of trade, we ſhall find rather 
i a more melancholy topic,” No W has 


"#7 


f © See the annexed Table. . e 


Qt 216: * 


1 ee ** of „more numerdus .claſs of. 
_ writers than that fruitful ſubject; who all com- 
plained of ths difficulty of their labours, as they 
were each directed by feeble lights; and who warn- 
ec cheir readers of the uncertainty of their conelu- 
jjſ.ons, becauſe their calculations had been formed 
1 oven diſputable data. vir 
In reviewing their performances, ho box annlingis 
it to obſerve, that though the ſagacio1 Petty, and 
the experienced Child, the profound Temple,. and 
the intelligent Davenant, had all taken it for grant - 
ed, as a poſtulate which could not be diſputed, that 
a balance of trade, either favourable or diſaduan- 
tageous; enriched or impoveriſhed every commercial 
country — a Writer, as able as the ableſt of them, 
ſhould have at length appeared, who denied the 
truth of its exiſtence, at leaſt of its efficacy ! The 
late Mr. Hume ſeems to have written his fine 
Eſay on the Balance of Trade, partly with deſign 
to throw a diſcredit on the declamations of Mr. 
Gee, ©© which had truck the nation with an univerſal 
Panic, perhaps more with the Iaudable purpoſe of 
convincing the public © of the impeſſibility of our 
tofing our money by a wrong balance, as long as. we 
Pie our people and our induſtry.” | 
Whatever wiſe men may determine with * 
this burton perhaps important ſpeculation, 
Treaſon mean while aſſerts, what experience ſeems 
100 confirm, te that there is @ certain quantity of bul- 
$ * ion e y one nation to another, to pay for what 
| they have not been able to compenſate by the barter 
V commogities,” or by the remittance of bills of ex. 


"i 5 change 


* 


0 217 * 
change; which mb therefore deemed the 1 


f trade. And à writer on political economy, 


equal to Mr. Hume in teach of capacity, and ſu- 
perior to him in accuracy of argument, the late 
Sir James Stewart, has examined his reaſonings, 
and overturned his ſyſtem, elegant in its ſtructure, 
but weak in its foundation. It behoves us, there- 


fore, to look a little more narrowly i into the ſtate 


of the traffic which Britain carries on with the 
world, in order to diſcover, if poſlible, how much 
bullion ſhe pays to each of her commercial corre- 
ſpondents, or how much ſhe receives from them. 
Admitting that the apparent tide of payments 
flowed againſt this iſland. anterior to the Revolu- 


tion, it does not ſeem eaſy to diſcover the exact 


point of time when it N to eb in a W 
direction. OI 
Sir Philip Meadows, we have ſeen, een 

found a balance in our favour, on _ 

an average of the buſineſs of 1694 Fr 
The ledger of the IP ARE 

 ſhewed à balance, on the traffic of 


1697, fl — 3 — 43,41. 


* 


5 he re · eſtabliſnment of peace gave 


us a return, in 1698, of — 189,744. a 


But, an increaſe of imports reduced 


| 


the balance, in 1699, t 1.080, 497. 
And an augmentation of exports 
again raiſed the balance, in 1700, i 
00ch%hö — 1,332,541. 5 


— _ — _— 


- 


« 418 


l behold the dawn RE in re- 
5 ect to this intereſting part of our cconomy; 


which, has at all times been the moſt enveloped 
In darkneſs, which ſometimes introduced all the 
unpleaſantneſs of uncertainty, and entailed. too 
often the gloom of deſpondenee. But, it ought 
to be remembered, that whether we import more 
than we export, is a mere queſtion of fact, which 


depends on no one's opinion, ſince, like all other 


purabl facts, it may be proved by evidence, | 


We muſt recur once more to the ledger of the 


e of our foreign trade, as che beſt 


evidence which the nature of the inquiry ean fur- 
-piſh; of perhaps ought to be required. After ad- 
mitting the force of every objection that has been 


made againſt the entries at the cuſtom- houſe, we 


may apply to that curious record of our traffic, 
_ what the Lord Chief Juſtice Hale “ aſſertad, with 


% 


regard to the pariſh regiſters of births and burials, 


bat it gives à greater demonſtration than a bun- 


Fs 


- Ns Origin of Mankind, pe 207. 


ared notional arguments can either evince or confute. 
2 It was from that ſource of accurate information, 


that the balances were drawn which are inſerted 


in the foregoing chronological table: and it re- 


quires only A ſnatch of fight” to perceive all the 


fluctuations of our mercantile dealings with the 


world, as they were directed by our activity, or 


dur Epic, or remiſſneſs, and to decide with re- 
gard to the extent of our gains at every period, 
. by the ſettlement of our grand account of profit 


00 loſs on every commercial adventure. One 


truth | 


li 


[TY 


truth muſt be admitted, which has been oonſidered | 
by ſame 28 2 (melancholy one, becauſe they in- 
ferred from it, t phat. wwe were driving a lofin 
ſrade, that the apparent balance has been leſs 
favourable in the preſent than in the preceding 
reign, In order to account for this unwelcome 
notice, it has been inſiſted, that, as we grew more 
b we became more luxurious, and, as our 
| ſneſs increaſed, our induſtry diminiſhed, 
= in « the progreſs of our folly, we found a de- 
ligbt in ſacrißcing our diligence and œcõοEmy to 
the gratiflcations of a en mne dur- 
ring a diſſipated age. | 
Bur, declamation is ofrnce uſed to nad the 
bewitching errors of ſophiſtry, than to inveſtigate 
the inſtroctive deductions of truth. Conſidering 
the balance of trade as an intereſting ſubject to a 
commercial nation, it muſt be deemed not only 
of uſe, but of importance, to enquire minutely 
A which of our mercantile correſpondents are our 
debtors, and which are our creditors; and to ſtate 
"which country remits us afavourable balance, and 
to which we are obliged in our turn to pay one. 
Nor, is it ſatisfactory to contraſt the general ba- 
lances of different periods, in order to form gene- 
ral concluſions, which may be either juſt or falla- 
cious, as circumſtances are attended to or neglected. 
From a particular ſtatement it will clearly appear, 
that we trade with the greater number of the na- 
tions of Europe on an advantageous ground; with 
' few of them on an unfavourable one; that ſome 
Rates, 38 Italy, Turkey, and Venice, may be con- 
ſidered 


* 


for, 


tw5 - 3g 


| deed" as of a doubtful kind, beruuſe chey are not, 
in their balances, either conſtantly favourable or 


unfavourable. -To baniſh uhcercainty from diſ- 


© quiſition is always of importance. With this de- 


Ggn, it is propoſed to ſtate an average of the ba- 


© Aimee of apparent payments, - which were made 


during the years 177 1—2—3 to England by each 


ccorreſponding community, or which {ſhe made to 
- them: and the averages of theſe years are taken, 
in order to diſcover the genuine balance of trade 


on the whole, ſince they ſeemed to be the: leaſt 
affected by the approaching ſtorm. Where the 
ſcale of remittance vibrates in ſuſpence, between 
the countries of doubtful payments, an average of 
ſix years is taken, deducting the adverſe exceſſes of 


- Import and of export from each other. 5 


Let us examine the mn etail-of our Ev- 
ropean commerce: e 
Couhrrier'of favourable balances s Dil Nee ee 


Denmark and Norway — C. 78, 8  Eaft country [doubtful] C. 100,230 
Flanders —— — 78,088 Ruſſia ., —, — $22,607 
rance”'” '—" — 190% Sweden — — 117,365 


Germany — — 695,44 Turkey [doubtful] — ,' 120,497 
Holland - — 1,464,149 Venice Loaf], — 312369 117,369 


Italy [doubtful — 437,289 | 
4 | <A | yon? ; _—_ | £ esd 
Madeira q | 3 99514 5 © Pavourable balance * 504 
Spain = = WW ̃˙ QA 
-Canaries. 3 ) — — 23,37 
 Streights — — 113,316 
Ireland — ="! "663,516 
Ale of Man, '— | — 13,73 i 
Alderney . — — 15,229 
_ "Guernſey [doubtful] — 6,269 
en — 8,350 | 
| , 55 Le 4808, 37 


9 * 


— W 22 3 — ty * 22 «> %F ”' 4 £% 
2 4k : \ $. 5 « i 4 - 4 > 


e thus ly klsted the e e | 


rope, from which we receiye yearly. a balance on 


our trade, againſt thoſe t to which we annualiy mae 
-unfavourable payments; and having found, upon 


ſtriking the difference, that we gained, at the com- 


mencement of the preſent war, a 


a nett balance of 


L. 3,636,504, let us now enquire what we gained 
-or Joſt by our fatories in Aﬀrica and in — 5 


; 6 js" yoo 


Vo 4 


£+ 1,205,511 


a 
Fi 


Fatt Indic — £ 1103oghn; 


»” 


£ 1,103,311 


Having thus found an Wü balance on 
"ie traffic of our factories, of C. 448,912, it is 
now time to examine the trade of our then colonies, 
. which has too often been 'confidered as the — 


commerce worthy of our care; as if we had N 
every thing, and loſt OY by i it. LID 


Favourable balances. 


Newfoundland [doubtful] C. 29,484 


— 187,974 Barbados — — 441 
Carolina en "= — Yo8,050 


ada err 


Nova . — 34434 


1 


OT 40 | 


New England = _ — | 790,244 * anne — . 
New York — =, = / 3431992 Jamaica ' - — — 753779 
Penſylvania — — $521,900 Montſerrat © — — 46, 62 
Virginia and 62 Nevis © — 147523 
Maryland fra =. 7. 7955339 gt. Chriſtopher's — 149259 
-Georgia [doubtful] 360 Grenade — 288,962 
\Florida — . 37,966 Dominica — — 158, 7 
Bermudas — — 9,541 St. Vincent 7 
* Tobago — — 16, 
42,121,125 New Providence — Tas 
Tortola —_ — 23,032 
St. Croix  — — 11,697 
St. Euſtatia — — 3,096 
. Spaniſh Weſt Indies  — 35,352 
Greenland = — 13,274 
| Balance — abn,298 
„ 1. 241214125 C. 2,121,125 
——— 


"EN 


Let us no 8 foregoing balances: 


Rar bar European commerce . 84 3-636, WM 


'Dedut che las onthe rk of ove fal. = "448,013 
Et*;. & Br) Th 4:30; PAR . 1 1 „„ 


5 F 3443 


#4 187756 
be on | th balatee of our colony! conndics” — 45 1255 
8 13 v0.4 #9. i 


an dale ie the-trade of England 2 "$448,987 


Nett balance gained on the trade of Scot! 
according to an ge of al \ 485-957 


; 1 5 — 
drr on the Di commercs ; of TI 


3 
127 K wok OLD » 5 i4 


ot an extenſive 3 we vainly atreinps'! to 
form an accurate judgment, of the proportion of 
the parts, or the beauty of the whole, without 


meaſuring the ſize of the columns, and examining 


the congruity of the reſult, by the ſuitableneſs of 


every dimenſion. Of the Britiſh commerce, 9 


luxuriant in its ſhoots, and ſo interwoven in its 
branches, it is equally impoſſible to diſcover the 
"total or relative products, without calculating the 
gain or loſs, that ultimately reſults to the nation 


from every market. Thus, in the foregoing ſtate- 


ment we perceive, which of our European cuſ- 
tomers pay us a balance, favourable and conſtant; 
which of them are ſometimes our debtors, and at 


other times our creditors; which of them conti- 
nually draw an unfavourable balance from us: 


und, by oppoſing the averages of the profits and 
Ioſſes of every annual adventure to each other, we 
at length diſcovered, from the reſult, the vaſt 
amount of our gains. The. mercantile tranſactions 
at our factories in Africa and Alia, were ſtated 
N againſt 


(4 223 1 


| e other, becauſe they ſeetmed to be 10 4 
ſimilar nature. But, whether we ought to conſider 
the balance of J. 448,912 a8 abſolutely loſt, maſt 
depend on the eſſential eircumſtance, whether we 
conſume ut home the fefehandizes of the Eaſt, 
or, by exporting "then" for the conſumption of 
ſtrangers, we draw back- with intereſt what we had 
only advanced: ſhould the nation prefer the beau- 
dikful manufactures of the Indian to her own, we 
; ought to regard her prudence as on a level with 
the indiſcretion of the milliner, who adorns her 
own. perſon | with the gaudy aftire, which ſhe had 
* prepared. for the ornament. of the great and the gay. 
Out then colonies were ſtated againſt each other, 
+ in order to ſhew the "relative. advantage of, each, 5 
well as the real importance of the whole. Of. 


% then uable products imported from thomi which + | 


ſeem: ro form ſo great a balance againſt the nation, 
v ought to obſerve, that they are either gainful, 
or diſadvantageous,. as we, apply them: we gain 
by the tobacco, the ſugars, the ſpirits, the drugs, ; 
thedying-woods, which we re-export to our neigh- | 
ebours: we loſe by what we unneceſſarily waſte. - 
The colony war has added greatly to our an- 
| chen ſtock of experience, by exhibiting the Rate | 
of our commerce in various lights, as it was forced 
into different channels. The balance of trade has 


thence aſſumed a new appearance, as it is ſhewn 

by the cuſtom-houſe books. While the r 
- were depreſſed for a time, as they had been ſtill 

more ay former wars, the imports roſe in the ſame 

5 | | | ene 


© © 0% | 
proportion. [The wave of bt, om Englank | 
ene 2 N 4 en | : 
: 15 Sag 8 84 'Þ: S; py ee 
Rat 2 345 10,869,187 LEAN 11,918,991. 
82 — _ + 12,3563750 — ee 
383 — 13,851,671 4 547 44. 
e eee LALLY 5 


8 5 number of wipe, which, n theſe years, 
| entered inwards, have alſo Increaſed fully equal to 
| the avgmented value of cargoes. i But, were we i 


111 


to form a judgment of the balance of trade from 

the difference which thus appears from the cuſtom- 
houſe books, we ſhould, be led to manifeft error. 

Let 1 us take the year e for an e "Thus | 


od | | tn 
$4 Exports, An, ; "ae ® 4 
Th Kaif hid üs L 730,858 2 cl 
The Weſt India trade — EIT — 3.37755 — 2,21% 
ee — — $4,050 >. $4,050 


IgE »890, 28 6, 38 ? 
| 7. —— £:6423-305 £-4552-455 


ra, di C. 4832545 65 56 een, the import- 
ow from our factories, our colonies; and fiſhery; 
fon no legitimate balance, however much this 
vaſt ſum may deduct from the apparent balance of 
the cuſtom- houſe account. The 'ſame- ſtatement, 
ö 0 10 the ſame obſervation, may be made witk re- 
gard to the trade of Scotland. To cn may 
be added, a melancholy truth, that we have _ 
the export of corn, to the annual value of a mil- 
Mis WOOD is faid- to be owing | rather to an in- 


1 


>? 4 


1 0 


| rreaſe-of ok than do 4 decline ef Aaken, 
and which entered witch ſo moch advantage into 
the balance of 2549-570. In years ef Tears 


city we now import large quantities of corn - nd 
when ſo great a ſum is taken from the one ſcale, 
and thrown into the other, the difference on the 


a e-muſt neceſſarily be immenſe. 
Of the truth of theſe ;reaſanings, and of theſe 
facts, the general exchanges, which are univerfally 


admitted to have been, for ſome years, extremely 
favourable to Great Britain, are a ſufficient con- 
firmation, - When there exiſts no diſorder in the 
coin, che exchange is "no bad teſt, though it is. 
no abſolute proof on which fide the balance of 
| ernte, e whether againſt a commercial 
country, 0 Fit. The vaſt importations of fo- 
reign coin 2880 aud buen, Gnee. che eſtabliſhment of 
peace, prove how much and how generally the 
exchanges had run in favour of this enterprizing 
nation. And the price of bullion, which, during i 
this period, has been much lower than had ever 
deen known, leads us to infer, that the extent of 
theſe importations has beep proportionally great. 
In conſidering the balance of trade, it is to be 
lamented, that we cannot obtain, from the ton». 
nage of veſſels entering inwards, the ſame ſatiſ- 
factory information, as we have already gained 
from the numbers of ſhigping, which having car- 
ried out the merchandizes, were brought as a 
confirmation of the value of exported cargoes: 


for, the materials, of manufacture, being much 


bulkier than the manuſactures themſelves, require. 
Q {= 2 n | 


4 


1 


(226) i 
| 4 iO 


a greater number of tranſports. Itimay; however, | 


give a new view of an ehgaging>ſubje&; roi ſee 
the tonnage of veſſels, which entered inwards at 
different periods, dme with the ſuppoſed ba- 
lance Share. - Mob et tit) & 36559 SON 362 
912 ro A bs Par 5441 iat nit Bas 
Ships cleard outwards; = — 150. ships eit6red iowards 
Toni Eng. Db foreign, Total. Fons Eng. pete, Fotal. 
11h e 45625 — 093185 
yi rt nR 8130 3 | 


289,31 


1 (33 Je SOLE +; < [ad 


F ran CI 119 


1 


> 
2 ſent out, erin 6 4 58m 7 


= 4 {KT5%5 2 10 65 


w 20 J >01q 2:vlotds on 


* ** v od Th „ 
Fin 

. HEY . © Ry 0 
wu % * % N % 
Ge: In con“ CERES i 


” ES 4 : 8 * * a 2 TY EG 
77 JIALEGD 55.0 59 : 


2 


1 l 
— "Ships ente re inw 
3 + *%AF 


. 4 201 ak 5 082 1; De 2 \ 10 


2 Do foreign. . "Tor, ” Tons Tag, 'ota 
OHSS 16,$09 ON pp oy . 
„ en, eee bee 


+ 4462bkKt ben dont 
Kia ie rn I 
: merchandize ſent wut,“ 71 2344 2992 #797 THT wa 


rn \k L. 308,000 308,000 [1... wade 1 wot" 51 
17 343.04 p i 2117 ad '2 1 mg 1 TK, FIT 0 - +64 41+ Y 12 5 
. - wt Py }/ 
Ships dlearbd outwards, 2 1. 737. = Ships entered 1.04 
44 18 1848 119090 


Tobe 156. Doe foreign! Total. Tons Eng. Ds foreign. Total. 
weer 26,627 se, 374599 — 5,409 == 420,003 
[364.5006] 2541. pion eee & 339596 


L ; 1 2 503, 568 
ne ni , 1 W l Ser 803,6 


— 


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on hips 
7 % 1 
3 . * 3 "+4 BE *. 
— 
* MT 
* * 
. * 
\ 4 \ 
g , 
f ; 
; 2 
POL. 
"If $ 14 


89% 33,901 — 123,99 


* 


n 


5 ee Dis EY 
i 17 5 — e 507 # 1 f 61,303 — 3903 48 
7 Raye : e ebenen 
28 7790 Fb Nin 2 Nor 
| rr $3 ©. 655,078 
een e — 
wen 2 Ruin I 11 * * % 


n 
2 rel lp 99050 moo * ae * 4 17 —— 


PA 2 p 


- 'y3iviiae us 10 bios ors et N 29s 
. 
or REN! Total. | Bar 3 Do foreign. Total. | 
71,730 — 63294 — 7755024. — 123,870 — 731,936 

CR MV} to ** e | * ee 2 

dee ban rf ame 34 £ — 

E XS 30 Mia" SOT I | 128 | oh fmt 
| | "ſent out, exctubie of — 

au: amis fino DISE?: bulllon K. 3,518,868 

( besioil o bas 2 


v7 564 e S613, 10 rer 
2359 1 erg Il 2 a oils ' "5 
hips cleared outwards. _ - 1734. —dhip 


2 Po foreign. Tex. Tons Eng 
Wh: = e "ad 95991 ee gs 


. 


i 


1 | DO PE Rene? 
"Bd * Gas folds men will veotibbn. 
draw their inferences; with regard to our debility 
and decline, or to our healthfulneſs and advance» 
ment, according to their uſual modes of thinking, 
to their accuſtomed. gloomineſs or hilarity of 
mind, or to the effuſions of the company which 
they commonly keep. One party, taking it for 
granted, amid their anxieties, that the national 


commerce, domeſtic. and foreign, is in the laſt 
Q ſtage 


* * 


75 6 5* | 
bra conſuinptzon, riay-poſnbly attribute a 


lux 


che moſt extravagant, which deeply pervades 
every order: the other directed in their 


enquiries by an habitual | chearfulneſs; - may per- 
| haps determine, from the buſy occupations which 
they ſee in the ſhop and the field, of an activity 
and attention, the natural forerunners of profpe- 
rity and acquibtion, thinking chat they perceive, 
in che heavysloaded ſhips, as they arrive, the 


ferials of a manufacture, extenſive and encreaſ- 


ing If any one wiſhes ſpr the aid of experience 
in fixing his judgment, he need only examine the 


affairs of the American States, and of Ireland, 


boch theſe countries; yet, both have more than 


doubled the numbers of their people, the amount 
of. their productive labour, the value of their ex- 


ported merchandize, and the « extent of their real 
wealth. U 


From the balance of aide; 7 as an in- 
tereſting ſubject, ſeemed to merit ample: diſcuſ- 
fion, it is proper td advert to the columm ef c. 
tems in the chronological table, becauſe we may 
derive a ſupplemental proof of the ſucceſſive in- 
creaſe of our trade, of our commercial knowledge, 
and of our real opulence. i Theſe duties had their 
commencement from the act of tonnage; and 
poundage, at the Reſtoration, when the eie . 


cuſtoms a not amount to 4. 400,000.” This 
$1267] 11 5 law, 


— 


ſoppoſed idleneſs and inattention to tie exceſſive 
ry, in kind the moſt pernicious; in extent 


during the efflyxion of the laſt hundred years. 
A great balance of trade ſtood conſtantly againſt 


* 


( 
law, Which impoſed 5 per cent: of the value oh. 


4 goods exported, as well as on goods Hinpotted, on 


domeſtic manufulturet, as well as on foreign mer - 


chandizes ; which laid particular taxes on our own -. 


wwoollens, and double taxes on all goods when ſent . 
out by aliens; was ſurely framed dy no very judiei - 


cous plan, though two and a half per cent. of the va- 
lue were allowed to be drawn back on goods, which 


having been imported ſhould be ſent out in atwelve- 


month. The publications of Mun, of Fortrey, and 


of Child, ſoon after the Reſtoration, diffuſed more 
univerſal acquaintance with commercial legiſlation. 


The alien duties on the export of native commodi- 
ties and domeſtic manufactures were 


repealed, in 1673: The taxes on the exportatioſ 


of woollens, of corn, meal, and bread, were : hap- 


pily removed in 1500: Let, it was het fill 1722 
that, on a ſyſtematic conſideration of *burdens/on 


trade, all duties on the export of Britiſh manu- 


factures were withdrawn, except a few articles, 


which being regarded as materials,” were ſtill to 
be ſent out with diſcouragement.  Thefe were 


doubtleſs conſiderable incentives to exportation, 
by ſending the goods ſo much cheaper to markets. 


3 


But the imports were diſcouraged then, and have 
been ſueceſſively burdened with new ſobſidies and 
additional per cents. till the revenue of cuſ- 
tom ſwelled to C. 3,226,639, in 1784. This fy 


tem admits of further improvement, which the 
moſt intelligent men are preparing to make. A 


os rn; _ "oy ES. 1m parts, re- 
S ne | 


| | 
| 


-. 
2 
vs 
v 4% 
4 


: fo much, pethaps, to enlighten, the wclche a8 to 
| give vent to their lamentations. on Daten . 


7 = 


quires: very attentive labour before it can pe- 
duced to fewer movements of a ſimpler form. 


The column of coinage was introduced in the 


| laſt place, as its proper ſtation, becauſe. the in- 


creaſe of coins, by means of. the operations of the 


mint, ariſe generally from the profits of commerce, 
at leaſt from the demand of traders: and of con- 
ſequence the quantity of circulating, money muſt 


in every country be in proportion nearly to the 


extent of buſineſs or frequency of transfers. The 


fears of men, with, regard. to a wrong balance of 
trade, have not been at any time greater chan the 


oy continual. dread of a total deprivation of our coins, 


And both have produced a numerous claſs. of 
wha haye publiſhed their theories, not 


While the rents of the land were. paid 3 in its phos 
duct; while the free men contributed perſonal, ſer. 
vice inſtead of a ſpecified tax; and while the arts 
had not yet been divided into their claſſes, there | 
would be little uſe, for the convenient meaſure of 
coins. The converſion of almoſt every ſervice 
and duty 1 into a payment of money marks a con- 
ſiderable change! in our domeſtic, affairs. And in 
proportion as refinement gained ground of rude- 


neſs, as induſtry prevailed over idleneſs, as manu - 


facture found its way into the nation, and as com- 


meroce extended its operations and its influence, 


coins muſt have become more numerous in the 
ſubſequent ages, becauſe they were more neceſſary, 
From the happy acceſſion of Elizabeth, we may 
„ 5 0 


6231200 
trace with ſufficient eertainty che Oe and er. T 
tent of out public coinage. 


A 
— val hr of x ths ci, | | A 
reignt, — — in gold — C. 220, % —ů 
| | in filver — 45632,932 | iS 
r cure 
By King James — — in gold — C. 80% ok 


in ſlver — 1,7% %ꝭʒ 


A ts hs. . * 7 384 1 * 5 FX... 2,500,008 1 
e — — in geld — £. 1,723,000 
f 1 Ate $f in ſilver — "IX $4776, 544 3 2 
10,4998 


weren. and Cromwell — in filver 3 A 


from — Wav wr 1 1 e 4. 3% 3,000 - 
3 1 8 in ſilyer— — 


el 25 19,332,476 
Ke en 6 oY ee, — 
—ͤ—ũ—6cG—ͤ— 2 „. 10,261,742 = 
by William m. (including th — — — . 10,5153 1 
8 22 by Anne . me D —— d 2,691,626 . 
by George I, | — .c ne 
by George If — gta” — DEAT 
; enten _ e e X . 14. Nen 
„„ 3 5 
eee ee ek th c ; 
Coined by Oetz: IL 8 before the in gold — 4. $3,081,884 Wu 7 E 
iff e . — in ſilver — 77390 2 9 
Wa oy IR K. 33. . 


ie did not, by © ug eſeape the penet ation © 
Davenant, or perhaps the ſagacity ef preceding 
writers, that all this money was not co-exiſting We 
at any one time.” And he therefore endeavoured, © 
with his uſual induſtry, to aſcertain the probable | 
amount of our circulation, or the number of our 


coins during every period, to which either his con- 
Jecture or his calculation could reach. 


— w ]˙ Hi, wal. Lp. 1098, | < Capip- 
bell's Survey, 4 Ibid, © Ibid, f Tower Records, 5 Mint account. 


Q4 5 In 


— 


475 ( 288 ) m2 
In 1600, he ſlates? - that there probably exiſted, 1: 
91 * e in gold C. 1,500,000 


1 15 . 74 


in filver 2, SFO 


2 — N — 


. A ſaid he;-we hail ro 
| oerl eib when we firfl began to mae ee 
Fee in the commercial curl. 
Is wache there were only, in all likelihood, co-ex ; 
* iſting, of every preceding coinage — . OE 
Sir William Petty f. who lived nea 
the time, and had e, 8 
erb. | forts e rhit the Te-coinage at the hippy yr 
Reſtoration amounted to (. 5,6004000; 18 
whereby it is probable (ſome allowance 
beisg given for hoarded money) thatthe 
whole caſh of England was then about 4. 6,900,000; 
„Which he conceived was ſufficient to 
drive the trade of . 8 


* 
- 


* 
= 


- « „* 174 


And from the progreſs of our commerce from 
1600 to 1660, and from the extent of our mer- 


cantile tranſactions, we may decide, which of the 


calculators was moſt accurate in his ſtatement, 
and moſt fatisfactory in his inference. Sir Joſiah 


: Child, indeed, remarked, in 1666 . that all. forts 
of men complain much of the ſcarcity of money ; yet; 


that men did complain as much of a ſcarcity of 
money ever fince I knew the world: for, that this 
bumour of complaining proceeds from the frailly of our 
natures, it being natural for mankind to complajn 


of the preſent, and ro commend the times paſt.” 


That experienced merchant attributed. 7be pre/- 


5 fing nevefity for money, fo M throughout the king- 


; "6 Wkihe ole, vat.c4 pi gb. 1 Fol. Afith, p. . 
1 And. Com. al. ii. * 142. : 


4 
— 
vo 

4 

1 
} 


{ 033 ) 


| don; to dhe trade of Hilikeritig, Which wth 
Circulation, and advances uſury.“ 12 And from 


Child's State of the Nation; during ſeveral "years 
ſubſequent ec the Reſtoration, we may infer, that | 
Petty was nearer ay. truth 155 his "TePreveaeats ion 


than Davenant, © Pr AY 

If the amount der traffic, rh domef- 
ks; had doubled in che ackive period between the 
Reſtoration and the Revolution, we ought to con- 


clude that the quantity of circulating coin ought 
e been in we Proporemye e 5 


tl 1 DVI. 4+ Þ <3; 
Yr 88 ok | | 
2228003 8 14 ,744 


* LAT 


If ee halt bent le ge — ed good 


There ought to have been in 1688 12, 00, OO: 


Yet, after a variety of conjeiures and 
5 calculations, Davenant ſtates* 1 it at 1815000 


RO he inſiſted, was ali6gethtr® neceſſary for 


earrying on our foreign and domeſtic traffic. But, 
the reſult of thoſe conjectures, and of thoſe calcu- 


lations, derives little ſupport, and leſs authenticity, 


from the facts before- mentioned; which ſhewed, 


chat a country, which for ſo many years paid con- 


fiderable balances to the world, could. not abound. 
in coins. And there was a circumſtance of ſtill 


greater weight, that ſeems t6 have been little at- 
tended to by hiſtorians, or by theoriſts: a riſe i in 


the intereſt of money evinces a ſcarcity of ſpecie; * 


atleaſt it demonſtrates that the ſupply is not ſuf- 
ficient for every demand. The natural intereſt of 


\ 


155 a ® Whit, edit. vol. 1 p- 367. 


money 


1 * | 
money . cent. from 1624. to. hat | 

and ãt from this year gradually fell to ſix pet cent. 
belore the Reſtoration; ſo / that the Parliament 

were enabled, in 1650, to fix by ordinance the 
legal intereſt. at fix per cent,* ; ;whioh was confirm+ 
ed by ſtatute at the Reſtoration +. But, the natural 
Intereſt of money gradually roſe again, from ſix per 
cent. in 1660, to ſeven pounds ſix ſhillings: and 
fix pence in 1690; and from, this year 'to; ſeven 
pounds, ten ſhillings per cent. before the peace of 
Ryſwick. From 1697, the natural intereſt of 
money gradually ſunk, before the year 1706, to 
ſix per cent.; and continuing to fall, the Parlia- 
ment were thereby induced [1913] to fix by 
ſtatute che legal intereſt at five per cent. Let, 


In 111. Davenant ſtares, that there might be 
ef gold and * coin in being,” to the 


amount of L. 12,000,000 
In 1688, he had. already 8 — 18, $00,000 


Decreal in three and twenty years * 65 500,000 


Let, it is is highly, probable, oe the * of . 
| circulating cqins might amount to . 12,000,000 
in 1711. The gradual advance of our domeſtic 

- induftry and foreign rraffic, the reform of the ſil- 
ver, the conſequent augmentation of taxes and 

eclrculation, the greater credit both public and pri- 

"I the fioking of the natural intereſt of money: 


| = FA Com. vol. i ii. p. 85. 6 4 12 Ch. U. c. 13. 


« 
1 » * * 
* 9 , 
— F * 4 . x 
& * o 7 
* * 


rn 


all demonſtrate the, ;mpoMbilicy Hf any, dingy A WW 
tion of, our coins, during, the Period i rom the Re- 
volution to the, year, 17112, "Anderſon *, having 8 
given. his "ſuffrage to, Davenant's ſtatement of 9 
1711, ſays, that we may reaſonably. conc lude, as = 
our trade is conſiderably increaſed in fiſtysone 
years, the gold and filver actually exiſting; in Bri- | 
tain [1762 cannot be leſs than £; IP i 
And we may, fairly infer from the 5 11˖k(w 2_ 
reaſonings of Anderſon, that the "i ORE 1 
and (ilver coips actually exiſting now  _ — 
[1786] 3 amount to Wake, 3 0 aon 1 


* 


* 
4 


. 


we have 50 aarege as? er reign, an. © 4 
bur augmentation of our manufactures "1 
And d our trade, a quicker transfer” of property, a | 
vaſt credit, a productive revenue, an und ratnpled 
demand at the mint for its coins; which all evince 
a greater uſe for money, and conſequently a pro- 9 
| portional ſupply. And ſpeculation has; been ar 
tually confirmed by acts and experience. When, 
by an admirable operation, a ſalutary reform was 
made of the gold coin, there appeared ſixteen mil- 
"Jon of guineas. 


\ 


, + * - a 
6 
2 co N | * * 1 . 5 
mmerce, vol. ii. p. 105. 
* 5 4 » " 4 1 5 9 * 
; L 3 — * . $ * . * % b * af 3. a 


'$ - 


— 
. 
8 
> 
f . 
* { x 
P. 3 
1 
1 
9 4 T 
q — \ © 
- = 7 
7 
1 % 
; ' 
wr 
* 
- 
. - 
* 
"= 2 
$4 
9 
S. © o 
5 - 
„ 
17 
= 
: * 7 5 
8 
8 4 
©. 
M4 - 
1. 
\ . 
ok 
« 
1 
2 
* 
q . 
y 
: 
* 
8 4 
8 
* 
- 
* 
— 
© \ 
44 
— 
— 
; \ 
. 4 
RN 5 
s 4 * 8 
* 1 
* 
5 F * 
. 2 - 
= * 


28 f 
ite dank, and of ligt 


| 1. from the ani6unt of the coinage 


The three proclimation—of 10% 4=of. 714= 

aud 1776, brought 1 in, of defectſye gold coin. 
de value in tale of — C. 15,563,593" 10 8 
Tbere moreover. appeared ">" ws enn. 
guineas purchaſed bkß; 


* hv 17 5 Ys 92 *: 37 e 
which fell as . 


a 120 6 „ A 1 4 . 
on the holders. of it, W 95. 3 . 88 | 
9 e 5 NEAL | — — 


Wei 44 42 mene 10 C2 8 
There remained conſequem - een 


* D 4 th ” * — 


1 in the circle, heavy _ 3 
Suineas of r N va Nn 


reigns and the preſet. o 
; © light guineas which were a bet l Nan 
not brought in, and ſilver 4. 210554763 1914 
"2 44% elbe z nid 20; : 
ee e L. 20, Op — —. 
N e pla nere 2 


— 


a c 
 ? v v 1 Ai q do; - 
of” 5 4 4438; & 1809 
* 
* 2 111 


the preſent reien — — © 33,089,274», 


ths fo of li ght gold re. coined is g Eager ty 
Lia of $99 l Fi 7 + ED. Genn 
e e 
we ſhall ſee i in the. reſult the ſum 


= 28 


which the increaſing demand of the * . ao 
preſent reign required at the mint, 
excluſive of the re-coinage — C. 17,525,680. 


— —— 
- 15 vs :, - 
” N 4 
© 
wy 7 
Mr. Eden's Letters, p. 215. 
* : | i * It 
©] 4 LES 
6 2 < » 
” 4 9 
* oy 
„ 8 3 
= . : . 8 
* 


0 337 ) 3 
. becauſe data-can 


be wadily found, What proportiog of the Ginge. 
which conſtituted. in tale this vaſt balance, was ae 
teryards melted or exported. If ane · ſourth only | 


continued, in. he circle of commerce, this circum» 
ſtance alone, when, compared with the quantity of 
money which, ig 1776, was actually found-in 75 
culation, would demonſtrate the; exiſtence. 


greater number of coins, and conſequently 3 


; amount in tale than has been thus evinced. One 
truth is however clear, het every community, 


which, bas an equivalent to give, may always proc, 
cure at ni F the precious metals, wherever they, 


may exiſt, as it wants; in the ſame manner a4 the, 
individual, who has labour, or any other 


to offer in exchange, may at all times fill his cafe. 
fers with medals, or with coins, Hence, de may 


conclude with Mr. Hume, and with ſubſequent 


writers on political economy, equal in judgment 
to him, that while; we preſerve gur people, our 


{kill, and our induſtry, we may allow the ſpecie to 


find its own way in the world, without any other . 


protection than what is due to the juſtneſs. of our 
| ſtandard in fineneſs and weight, or without any 

other care than to give continual notice to the ere 
dulous to beware of the tricks of the clipper, the 

ſweater, and the coiner. 


SUCH 


4 = 
8 LOSS * *. 
* 3 mee n 
— PP, 4 % 
4 * 


6 3 
suck hci the eltimate d of comparative 
reſources, of the foſſes and revivals öf bur trade 
Aking every warl. and of rhe nom bers Gf oi peo 
Ple, both before und fine the Revvlation:' Ife 
who has hönoùred che fofegoing ddtuments with 
an attentive perũfal, may probably be induced to 
a Whit valid reaſon is there for d 


elpairing* df 


te commonwealth, by relinquilking hope L The 


individual Who —— 1 8a paſſion” the 
moſt to be'deploted, becauſe it Wehe moſt" incut® 
2 "The nation, n in 57 eonjuncture;'ens 
tertains doubts of her TY abilities, is SET 1 
RT: ſince es enfla ved by Rar desire 
or” by ber fears; *The® foregoing Yiſcaſfſons would 
pfore, If recent "Experience did not "confirm the 
tuch, that never ougfit we to have eimertained x 
juſter "confidence in our ow powers” than in the 

- preſear moment; though no reaſbn, forely, exifts,” 

for adopting exptifive projects, much Teſs for run- 


ning into rer e e. e 
CY 
Mae Wt, 44 1 £53909; 13 4112 
p . — * 
1 2 1 
1242 ' * 1 11 * 13 {1 : Ban 
; N . - 
au HD £19 1 0 in 4 a * 
* — Oo 2! x 4 27 
5 ' £5 19830 
* 14 F [ | N I S. 74 61 9b 
— 
N + 
* * 1 „ fi 
* 
145772 a 
3 12 ww 
1 
1 P $ P 
9 . 
* 


N —_—— 


. . 4 n . 
p : _— 8 +2 
. "—_— : : 8 1 = 
1 ; - l d Eo RR, &.! l 5 
. *, : 55 1 
a 4 ; Ea . I 
n 1 4 * = 
> — = - 1 RA 335 
"y " * 0 2 a a 
* 7 ; A * 1 
* \ 4 4 < 'S 3 . 2 * 
' : 2 * 1 3 * . * : SI, 3 
L " ny . * * \ * 
g L + 4 N 
. 


”— % , * N 
«bt ANIL? 217 . fl DSM LCRHS TC 0 ang: K A «10% 


1 * * 5, £5 r ; , 5 % in # 
» ad 42 239 RKI 33 Shoe n5f 6. 115 "rg T7 NINS 1008 8 : x . 
* * 1 * oo . ODY * N + 
SI oh Dae 1 15 x FELT 4.4 * 70 ($1 V4.8 4: Fri 110 b. 1864-8 
* by 4. ** 


: 
$4 
: . F 4 4 9 > : f 7 | ws, * 8 ® ' Page * . 
<> anti ce Floqnaom 4 een en ne IS 
Ry 100 10 012 20 t Arr. et. 9 
Ah 5 E I a 
4} = 6 PA AQ 
* „ 4 
® " * — x a. 
* *» 4% *% + 4 . 4 #4 9 * 4 -» a n , * . . 
$i (O13. 441 bd $f i 1 7 2417 #d tu . 15 * , r 108 7 '} * — 
. = — pa C5 8 2 4 a 
C143 4 p ? * * 1 * CFE ? 118 N * K HOY 


Aczicuuruns, eee toon ae 

— little underſtood before; the time of Henry VIL 28. 

—— adyantages to be derived from the er comme it, 
126. 5 7 6; 8 © b 943 . 1 Ward 180 

= age, of incloſures of waſtes, and; commons, from on 

the time of Q. Anne, 127. _ | 

America, diſadvantages' to apes. from dh eee 

| territory in, 123. * 8 215 4 | 47 * | 

— e 146. 4 

advantages to England from the — — 147. | E 

Aurbort, ſome always ready to las us. that an. is 1 
ruined, 99. 106. 118. a e | 


my * K-53 4.3597 9 2 


5 3 & <a 194, - 


* 


0 ” g 
© - - 
f Nein p \ 
* "es 4 * * 


Balance of Trade, fate e 215% ors h 19164; . - = 
— tableof, with the different nations of Europe, in 1771s - 
220. bo 
— cable of, with Africa and the Eaſt Indies, 221. | 
— table of, with America and the Weſt Indies, 221. 
Bank of Amſterdam, account of, 121. | | 
Bank of England, eſtabliſhed in 1694, 9. 
Banking Heaſer, the origin of, 41. 7) 2 0008 397! 8 
Britain, Great. See England. Et A >. 
Bolingbroke, Lord, and others, wrote on the Lifrefſed ſtate of | 3 
the nation 1750, when the contrary was the caſe, 106. 2 — 
W Count de, — man urged to . . 


Charly, 


"as 


5 ; " | mw * 3 0 
| | 1 N * D ' 8 | | 
* : . 2 1 — - £ 
» a 1 z . — 6 


= I. King, turnpikes eſtabliſhed in his reign, 31. "7 
— ment given to man ufaQories, commerce, an 


. huſbandry, in his reign, * ING and — r 
tion, 5 


Commerce, not ene by monopoly, 
3 exportation of corn, 33. t 
the conſtant increaſing cats of, from 1599, 39. | 


e. of theloſs of trade-in Ne che Revolution, 


$ 39. 
1 — flate of ſhips POR at the port of London in various 2 
10 | years, from 1688 to 1784, 66. i 
Er — encouragamens core Ire che Revolution cs. 


"eat Rene Acme 7. 157, 2 v7 meg bh af 
—— flouriſhing ftate of, at the 4 of 500 * d6s 


— value of the exports 1738, 10. 

—— chronological table of the r of Great Britain . 
adm Abe Ri 0 1786, 207 A hass 8 

a — pereral progreſr of, after 2 Ars 214. 15 Se eee, 
Compton, Sir Spencer, anecdote of him, 98. eb 


Corn, the bounty on exportation ven in ho 6 arliament 
after the Revolution, 67. 12 ark ps * 


Anu export, from 1744 964948; 754,606 quarters; 


104. 8 
3 from thew, 'of the ogy opted» cbun⸗ 
try, 228. n . 


* . 


us cle⸗ Book ſhews-the ſeaney population of-Eagldn, FRE 
Dutch, their unneighbourly I: in _ American 


* IR $50" eee e 
"Eduard mum, con, deplorable late of tabourers in bis 
reign, Hb. 8 8 1 nen 7 "*\%- If 162 3 SCORE 


* 1 
9 - — * * 
* # 
» 4 
\ 
— 


ec or 


- 


— neee 
81. ' . Schr. 
— Rae af, eee dba une op] * 
. nennen . 


1 N D: E * 
Eduard UL. King, produce of a poll an in the 1 


144 
— — Re collected loo, ooo men to invade page 16. 
A to inſtruct his ſubjects h 
e n 

— in 1337 no Wool to be exparted, 1g. 2957 985 
Edeverd IF. King, OP pation > "Tong 8 | 
ward V1. King, brought over ap Ah pou a dale 
— . ee 2 
neee. eben labourers ad ae, 
TE hi * in i 9 i 


— 


F 
mend to contain a great multitude people, 
who ſabfiſtes by feeding of flocks, 2. . 
— the Britons ſoon taoght manufactures and-commerce,-3, 
me Damn anions — Nel 
446 after, g, 
. e ay 3 
Lare oo E 


* „ |; We 88 


— ene of inſurreQions and beate mee an. 
of the Great Charter, 4. | tine 


ill effeQs of the Conqueſt on the population, 4. 
— the plague of 1 349 ſaid to bave taken off. balf its i. 
| ""Labitznts,. | | 
—— number of inhabitants i in 15575 & 2.593,96. 13. 
—— che tax paid by moſt of the principal towns in Lor 
in 1377, 15. CREED 
—— Edward III. raiſed 100,000 men to invade France, T6, 
==, tention to the trade, D&vigatian, „ and See 8 
1381, 23. MY 
| — the trade, in che reign of Richard UI. carried on chiefly 
by Italians, 24. 2 
de number of fightivg wen in:! 1878. 1,192) 67 „% 
— in 1583. 4,172,900—the . number of inhabitants, 3 
ble 305 e | 


avi, eo ww 


* . BY 5 


'F — Lomnhdiibcante and recuſants in'1603/2,065;498; 35. | 
8 ; —— navy in 1 581, 72, 450 tons, and 14, 295 men, * | 
— 21,797 ſeamen regiſtered in London in 1732, 36. 
. —— the conſtant increaſing ſtate of commerce from 1 70M 39. 
— L£.95,512,095, raiſed by taxes, confiſcations, and con- 
tributions, during the great febellion, 40. ee 
— Conformiſts, Non-conforthits, and TOS. in i689, 
2,599,726, 43. 4 
. —— houſes in England and Wales i in n 166g; 1,230,000 6 
1 . 1690, 1,300,000, 44. 
Ki — number of inhabitants, according to Gregory. Ks. 


3 5.500, ooo, 48. 

1 2 7,000,000 of inhabitants at the Revolution, 50. 

EP — the quick raifing'of armies no proof of population, 51. | 
= — che number of n. 250 at 1 is, 


1 © 1,308,000, 53. 

IS — income of the nation, r 5. 5 
— yeatly expence of the people, C. 41 ge,; 54. b 

—ualue of the kingdom, C. 650, ooo, ooo, 54. 2 

— e irculatin money, according e d g ,000} 
5 according to King, C. 11, 500, oo0, 54. ., 

— annual income of James II. C. 2, 61, 886. 75. 914. 55. 

— incomeof the exchequer in 1691, C. 4,249,757, 55. 

— ſupplies during the war, C. 5, 105, 505, 1 

— dittreſſes during the Revolution war, 57. 

— in the reign of Queen W eee 2,085,000 

© fighting men, 73. | A 
— taxes in 1701, £.3,769,375, 75. oh 
— paid into the exchequer, in 1703, C. 5, 561, 944, 75 · 

— 1707, 8, 9, 10, each year, (. 5.272,78, 7 

1 — revenue in 1726, C. 7, 224, 175, 89. 

Y 5 | —— proved to be in a thriving condition in 1729, .98. _ 

3 —falſely rep reſented e Lord Lyttelton, Pope, and Sir 

5 M. Decker. b in 1738, to have been in a diſtreſſed ſtate, gg. 

_ _— . —— ſurplus of taxes paid into the ſinking fund i in 1738. 5 


/ 


_ £-1,231,127, 101. 
* in 1750, repreſented by Lord Bolingbroke, and others, 
Wn i N 250 in a — ſtate, When the + was the caſe, 
. 106, 


(> . lau. 


+ Þ ,. difadyanta ges from the increaſed territory i in Ane : 
h "oY = Weſt Fades" + 8 


ed too m uch territory by the 1772 of i768, = 
— . continues to proſper, 125. q 
— advantages from the ticourkgementof agriculture, ny. 


— — from i improving the roads, W Fg nn na- 
= canals, 129. f 3 


— improvements in our harbours and great towns, 129. 
— encouragement given to manufactures, 130. 


— uleful regulation of our ſhipping, 132 thc 
— {alatary effects of reforming the coin, 132. 1 ids 
m— falſely repreſented as on the decline after the . of 

1763 ; the real ſtate at that time, 134. 

—— ſurplus produce of land and labour . on an 

average, in 1772, 3, 4, £-15,613,003, 137. . 
— at the colonial revolt, ſuppoſed to contain 2,350,000 

. fighting men, 138. | 


3 falſe alarms on account of the American war, 146. a 


— ſtate of the commerce with America 1 in 1771, 2, 3. 
and 1784, 147. 


— ſuffered no loſs from the independence of America, 


148. 
E derives many benefits from the independence * Ame- 
rica, 152. 


—— hronological table of the commerce of, from the Reſto: 8 


ration to 1785, 207. | Kay 


—— eſtimate of the wad of, in Ms 32 6, ; to 
Sir Philip Meadows' calculation, compared with the 1 
of the Inſpector General, 211. 24 
Exchequer. income of, in 1691, . 42455. . 
— compared to the human heart, 170. 
2 revenue of, in 1783, 8 and 7750. * 


| Fiberies, ATR 1381, 22. e ae Che 


Food, keeps population full, 1. 


France, the e conduct of, in afiing the Americans, 


151. 


2 * 1 * — 8 , 
a? * 1 3 Jen k 5 1 Nr bo 4 
* * . 3 a % , - : * 3 2% u * * N N. — 1 1 , 

- 


* 
WE -- 
Fa | 


97 


vols ns oc 504000 #1 fav — — . OE ESD . Y <1 — — —— = — Y 2 — 22 S —— — — — — — — 2 — 
: n - 2 - 1 * * * . * - * 
5 3 4 db i LET ah * * 2 y . K * * ” 7-4 OY. 5 7 *** 3 7 * 
A * 8 * * - 4 * 2 5 7 8 Tae. Pg) * 2 Ag + . * 1 70 1 K 7 ** ls 9 - Js S's * 7 92 IE Ly . * = "x , og SI + uz R 
: N — or © # * mY - : Au- 8 „ % > weary x , 4 a 1 . * > 4 - : » 1 * = » we 0 ” = "7 
\ Sa * 5 4 ' RL» LR e a : _—_ - 95 5 * > - c 1 > \ * Az Sa oy n 
12 P I * 8 D x -_» : G 4 & q z n : TE 1 MIS "EY 
. b \ ö - \ * 15 —— - - PE 
: 4 0 1 . * « : 4 * n 8 IE 2 4 ; n 
* y * + : : 9 2 . * 5 £ ay , 8 
- - „ - ” l _ n s . 5 F 1 7 
£0 - q y . pa ” g +> - 


r . REG OO 
7 A _. 0 0 7 
* © AA p 230 NA 
* 1 * * * 1 
. l 8 5 5 

—＋ — 


- 


-460 £19, #8 25 Ante 


 Gardexing, fink de before re 


ah fr it. 


—— * 


; ay.” bee 
4 


Gange I. King, his 1 reign fun mk 55 80 80 
— ſum ialoffurlasgramedin ks reign, . 183,976,624 . 


| Greenland Fiber, ſtate of, i in 1573-5, compared yu 17 


150. e * 
Hales Lord Cbie uftice top ſed man u Te 1 
by inflinet, 1 7 * ppoſ urged /tþ proctati Rt 


— ſuppoſed England to contain two minen of inhadt: 
tants at the Conqueſt, 1 5 


| Hoarth-Tax of 1696, account of, 174, FOOTE: Op 
— Gregory King's alcalation of, with irons, 2 { 
Henry V. King, the want of inhabitants in his reign, occa- 
fioned by ie wars and by the plague, 19, F 
ZII. over woollen fafturere AM 
n ce RT e 
Henry VIII. King, agriculture and gardening e 8 
in his reign, 25. * ; 
—— intereſt of money at 10 per cent. 26. . 
e the firſt 48 for their repair in the time of dee 
ary, 30. 
— 4urnpikes eſtabliſhed in the reign of Charles U. 31. 
— A dvantages of 5 l to N 110. 
——— 'the-progreſs of, 128. 
r. improved fince the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 
128. 
. in Eigland, the nunſher retanied..<o; the ur age. at 
different periods, from 1750 to 1781, 189. 
— number of houſes chargeable in 1736 and 1761. 190. 


— the number of houſes charged to taxes in each county, 
in England and Wales, in 1690. 1708, 1750, 5 1781, 
191. | 


5 


0 


— 


* J. Lig, bis reign auſpicious 0 e ehen and pops: . ; 
1 36. ; 


© Fitttary laws paſſed in . 37. 


— 
- 
$ . : 
. * 7 
- - 
o 
$ 
wy 
„ 
% 
— 
1 * 
4, 6 
. 3 4 2 
13 * 2 


N 


Famer 1 Bu. — income, 6 £:n061,856, 75 8 "IF 
8 _ 


* proclamations beat, » a decay of ee; __ 

" "+ progres of; from the time of Q. Anne, 127. : 2 2 
| Lind. the cauſe of procreation, bene thy, FIPS „ 
E of Money, 10 per cent. in time of Hen. vn Wir _ 
— i 1623, reduced from 10 to 8 per cent. 39. * 1 99 


* 
2 


— in 1651, reduced to 6 per cent, 14. 5 2 Y 

— of the national debt, reduced to 4 per cent, in 17:27, 97% 4 

3 to zi for ſeven years, after that to, 3 per Ws 

7 _Y Y . 

Jeu, eee. us = 

King, Gregory, ſuppoſed Eagle to contain woo million of + _ 

inhabitants at the wat 20 e bas. © 
neee population 4, 4 4 

þ 1D hes . S e ö WY; | | 1 , 5 | 1 vj 
4 | Labourers, Starate of, tems. F. II. accoint 7, Nas " 
other regulations in the ſame-reign, 8. „„ - -  _ 


— the ſtatutes being * _ n H. au the e. . 2 


bellion of Tyler an DOSY | 7 

( —— reviſed in the.reign of Eliz. 3%... PN a e = 
Linen Mausfactory, tity ſtamped fo fale in in Scotland, 1 

in the years 171 % 168 . 5 . -_ 
er ſlate of, in Scotlind, in 1928 and i 1775 „ WE 
| — of. Scotland, in 1772, 3, 4, compared with 1782, ,. - 
; 205. 2 9 — 5 g 2 5 

; Liege, between Auguſt 26, 1778, and April 17, 1779, 1 
fitted. out 120 , of 39,787 Jun, 1,986 uns, 22 = 

8.784 men, 36. | | 

. , Lord, in 1738. wrote on the diſtreſſed fatoof ber. | 

1 8 | d, 99. 8 | | F RE: 2 


, . , : 
— 7 - - - g =; 
* * 3 a 4 wo hs — 2 2 


— nom * 2 


. 


| Mayna Charts, added ſecurity to woe fies, but litle freedow 

to the ſlave, 6. W OO | : % 4 

Malt, compariſon of the quantity conſumed in. n 43. = 

With 1780, 1,3, 169. Rk. ——. 2 
| , 


RA 


came over from the Netherlands, 23» 

3 England © over-run with foreign th; 26. 
—— many. thouſands hrought oyer in 15494 PEE — 
ane the great encouragement siven to them, I 5 


value of the exports (exc uſive of the woollen 
1699, 1700, 1701, ee 1769. 77 1 Fas 


Mary, Queen, in her gy the irt aft for Tepair of ghar, 


5 | | 
Money, intereſt” 10 per cent. in the thine os le as 26. 
— ſubſtance of 4 parliamentary debate on the Au un 


in the reign of Henry VIII. 27. 


3 intereſt reduced, in 1623, from 10 tos per cent. 3% | 


in 1651, reduced to 6 per cent. 41. 


— weir eulation, according m Davenant, C. is. gos, o- 


_ according to King, C. 11,500,000, 944; 15 eie Lot 


—— £.3,400}e00 brought into commerce by ſuppreſing of 


hammered money 1697, 74. 
— borrowed by ere in 2 at $ and 1 N 
. 1 ER ea 
— intereſt fixed at 5 per cent. in 116 26. 42 
= intereſt, in the reign of Geo, I. 3 per cent. 8 
—— falutary effects of reforming the eig, 13 
D advantages of an increafing' circulation, 165. 3 


— evils of an obſtructed circulation, 167. esl. 5 — 


— advantages of a well- regulated coinage, 230. 0 i 


| — quantity in circulation at various periods, 233. 


— value of, coined by Q. Eliz. to Jan. L, 1985, 231, 1 5 


— 


F 2: cnerpp of the plenty or ſcarcity, 237 : 


National Debt, at Lady-day 1702, . 10,066 647772 #6. 8 
N firſt funded 1711, L. 9.471,325, 76. ATA FEES. 


— in 1714, L. 50, 644,306. 135. 614. Th + 3 
—— advantages of a national debt, 87, 
= at the acceſſion of Beo. II. more than 50 millions, 97 
— the intereſt reduced te to 4 per cent! in 1727, 97. 59 * 
D Dec. 3k» 1738, C. 46,314,829, 104. S 70 * 
— Dec. 31, 1749. 4712 R 


| Nats ! 
s W. * ts 2 4 ther al 


* E x | I 
: ieee " Walloan sue eee 668 abe 


enn I ER 9 
- = 5 * * 
F e 
5 0 be "Fer ? 


Fly 8 N 0 4 Y —_— l 
by 1 * - * . 2 4 
ys 4 . Y = 1 85 1 4 4 75 *® - - 
: i 3 1 «i 3 - : 2 Can. 
. T = * * : ! . & . 1 AO 
a, « 52 . 's 6 ? 2 Ke ” 17 * N 
PS . p g 5 - 8 TEM Ku - 
1 L — ” G 
411 4 ? = . 1 Y 
* 
4 N « 25 N by -» 
R * > ALES. : e 
. i GS - T 
s 4 o n 
b | l : 1 ” 
: . 1 . © ted = l N 4 
A : . 5 
* * * £ 4 
- ho , * D - 
= 


7% 


Nati Deze, the intereſt rence. ET yer cont. 
5 | 1750, 105. r 

, £1 146,685,844; 14• 

— nature of i is explained, e 8 
— in 1775, L. 135,943,051, 136. 935 | PINOY g 


| — in 1783, C. 212,302,429, 154. 
— uafunded debt at that time, C. 18 656,845, e 
— difficulties ariſing from unfanded debts, 151 . 
| — tate of, Os IEEE r 2 C027 rea 
| - pared, 156. | 
* — in 1785, g. 5280880 159. STS N oa | 
— 2 ſinking. fund ee enden for the b. 
charge of it, 159. Wo, > Cathy (7 ne 
. rao Ad, the principle of the a introduced. in 1384, 
2335 Aobo 
1 „ke. a Avent 2 129. "ES wr I 
D the great atteßtion paid to chem 4 the Revolution, 
4 129. 01 Cat 7 A 
. Navy of England, in 1584, 12,456-tons,und- 14,295 mariners, 
36. Ironie 2-48 barziuoſta-::.: 
— regiltered-in London in 1732, 21.797. 36. 
— the bounty eee by different kings for bade — 
_ "thips, 58. © 0,00: wala eb 
— nee in 1660 — 62,594 tons n e 
* 1675 — 69468 1 gn 2019 t- — 
f 5 Ke. 1688 ions ular PLS 
158595 — 112,400, 1 55525 29, pr 
bor PAR of the 11 755 82 rang gk 9 1693, 
* | 9. ane W334 £4.34 Pn, gon $2494 <p; 
— in 1701, 261,222 tons, 16,591 ſailors, „ . 


A 


— zfterwards, i in Q. Anne's N 273, 693 N01 - 3,422 | 


* 
e 


. t, 77: RS Lone 
— — fate. of, at Een periods i 10 that reign, , 79. de 
a — at the acceſſion'of Geo. I. 44.843 tons, 26, Af men, 
91. PET (7, 8 | 

— tate of, at various periods i in that reign, i e 


- A 444 * . W 
4 * hs Fad * * a 
” *X 


— ftate of, in 1727, 1741, 1749, _ 102. 2 
TT; Rate of, in 1749, 1754, Relay W 


2311 1 — > 4 F „ 7 C4 ws; 


44 . 


”_ "7 ne 
n „ 


8 1 additions made from 1775 0 131 
= — ſtate of, f VCC 
, comparative ſtate of fn 1784, 3, with 


"= 0 
l - . 7 
A - * 4 - 1 
' 4 4 * 5 3 
» 0 1 Ro: N. De 27 —— — L 
> _—_ 
o — * 
b n 3 , 
1 * - Ss * * W „ 1 
$ 7 51 % Wl + - Py 
-” 


= de Ravec, at he end of the ig of Ch. IL, wh — | 
2iven in to parliament 1776, C. 1,556, 80% 18. 

ape, A. wrote on the diltteſled late of England in 1038. 99. 1 a 
5 Popul an of Bagland, the influence of plenty of provifions, 3 | 
. N == in effeisof the Conqueſt ou, 4. 5 
civil wir aud petilence alto greatly affected it, 6 8 
= | 122 obſeryations on the ſtatute of labourers, b Edward IVY, 

* > | : * N f N "413 A $233; 2415 bis xt me 2 1 
3 uf the inhabitants of England died in the 
FVV ² ² o 0 EE OTIS I POT Oe), 7 
1 ee eber ef po in England and Wales 3 in . 1 

Wo calculated at 2,092,978, 14. EE N 
=. — the tax paid by mon af the re 4977 


2 + 16. F 4 enen * U 12 N NO * Bf 1. N . & ear; — . by 


2 Edward Bl raiſed: 100,000 men 60 invade France in 
- 3 LON $ 1360, 16. A 4 1 1 1 — 7 4 itt 5 2383} Ie 
= phi ſuch great —_— | 1 3 8 | 


the humber of gluing Ln a Bagland in, 1575s 
3H 3 1 858 17172 574. 33. > 

win 1583, — number of Inkadiants, 

© ney Wy, 4,088,000, 34. | 1 805 % % | 


= 


3 — communicants and recuſants in th ede. 
— Conformiſts, Non-conformitts, and Papiſte, in "168g; IN 


=. * 2,599,786, 43. 1 HE Sf. 
kak the evidetce of pariſh regiſters © 
1 r honey In Tn and Wales in 1665, 1, 330, o00 


1 2 
1 A „ 4 - 2x + Ss 
- A - Ly * 
boy 3 * Az 


. 


pr. Ee each nt 5 „ 
2 no proof of, /.co. .... : r Th 
— ſuppoſed by ſome to have decreaſed from the Ravvle- 5 


ut the gaotrary thewn, GS - 
„ nr eee 
parent dec of population. 14 1 
in che reign of. Anne Great de. — 
| .. - 2-025>000 lighting men. 73. ͥ 5 ation U % on wes 
—— various temporary cauſes of a decay of; A8 rand. v2 4 


— 4 want of labourers 2 proof of yroſparity ad! popals 
tion, . Sv. el wot 59; n G 

— encouraged by the free Britim Fiſhery and the decke)? 

— „ 2 ok EW a AHR 19 mes 31G — 
— by turnpikes and navigatien, 1c 
— an ingreſs prov ed: by. a compariſon 4 the date „ 
ſoap, candles, 1 113, 5 
— proved þy:inereaſed exportation. 18, 

- | — review of the controvesiies concerning, 176 „„ 
— account of. the hearth-tax of 1696, . 
— — Gregory King's calculation * number of Bü. 
tants, according to their claſſeu, 180 1 
— enquiry 3 the number of — are increaſed | 2 
: Or » Z f by 4h 
—— number of ee eee ba gend 1700 162. 1 
* lager of, ed by mme people, 1 
; b cans vi | > 236 4A. nw; A - 


— reſs of, tow the con veſt to the prefenc: time; ac 

2 to the employment, I nba ni =_—_ 

| q— arguments of an e fm the * of: baps. _ 

; = "ax; 1924 Ho n os > A * 4 85 — ö 5 


no arguments to * PER from fone A being 
ä mad t have decreaſed, Which id in 3 Q _ 8 
| ie of moking oo ue, . „ 1 


1 
4 1 ps a s Lt} 


8 8 
LY ww * 4 pe P 
ves 8 2 . 
=  » 5 x * 4 * 
E Eb 5 
p 5A 


. : 1 * . ; y y ** 4 4.4 , » +. . 
£4 . AG 4 3 z > & 2 -4 \ 8 K 2 ! 2 fl 
# - ©. * — & * n - * 4 * Lo : A — 4 
a 5 * 2 p £5 ; . c : F 8 een FE f 
4 8 * ö ' : 6 6 | 4 * 0 
oo - . _ p 
. n 3% . RL - n+ , 5 F "+. b 7 * 
5 . g £ : 
x — 4 1 * 7 * 0 . * L 4 0 
4 . 8 . > J 1 . >< A w + 15 *, K * \ » b . ; : 3 p a 
* * 3 . + ++ 4 * * 4 P . : . . » * 
7 4 N > ” * 8 1 3 * be A N 1 84 a © 4 
l % % , DO. £2 * Þ-. 5+ * y * x 5 r , " 4 \ * wi 
3 8 + yy { * | 94 . K* 41. w_* T0 mY 1 % g ; 
+4 G m7 $4 "+ | +4 N 1 8 % . 
(#4 <a * wm 2 . . 
. o 
2 = 


Gt „ . ae een with | 


©: the:boaſted rapidity” of the. American ſtates, 193. 
— g- more e than 2 1 770 36. ee , 


£3 1 1 1 0. * Fe — - 


ide, from 1687 40 


. © 


ien e epor od of Wei en | 
—— ſtate of, in 1672, oY at ea 198. 997 169 non: 
 * Popllntion of Scotland, ſtate of, at the Union, compared with 5 
England, from the revenue, the e duties, * N 
aged, re- coinage, and exciſe, 199ſe . 


— at the Union, 1 e of people complained of As 1 
burthen, 200c7 9 nd 77 ie 1. 


4 


rn to it n nod — 
Pe, Office, ne eee four laſt Are of W. III, 


582,319, 79. nnn ond nf Nee ooo 
—— firſt four of . Anne's war, £.613368, o 
1707 8, e eee eee 
— in, 12, 13. 14. | ; 0 | 
—— income of, in 1754 and 1764, 116” „ 3 „ 
— revenue of, Fins Fora 2 5 compared; Y > > lates the 


— revenue of, in 755 Te ; 1775, 1794, Fl vi ; 
Proey ipd % abs cet e | 
"Procreation, Judge Hale; 5 ae Stuart, aud e 1 
. fider men as ur; Vt natural inſtin&,” 1 ar Es 
BSH a CO gRITTOS Wt . Fenner pra pads 


| me 4 . . 
| Revolution, advantages and diſadvantages of LOTS — | 
ET 
. 1 II. King, during his reign the trade "care on 
vzßVßu 7 23, of, ot oo No ioong on. 

: 2 continued in England from 55 years't fore, iſt to 


- he year 446 after, 3. 18225 Feen ia igen i 
Sailors, the number employed in 1700, * compared vin 
thoſe employed between 164 and 24, 186. . 


'F | : 3g PH Beans; Rs derived to chat country (= te Li J nion, 


_— 1 ET > 
3 28 r 7 * * 1 FT 298. Rr. Pi x "» 7 — w 2313 * | 1 4 * v 12 : Fx 7 £2 h 10 5 — 
= y in 1728 and 
_ ef the linen manufaQtory in 17 28 an 1775; 200. 
* 4 9 * 5 q | 
* Ep + Y oF TO OR 5 5 . 15 | 4 — 24 
5 20 1 
3 — 
by * . * 
. mY 


* 
* 7 # 
* 
! 
' 
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1 "ve. 
* 

% 

1 

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dc fin of the tips 


i 2 5 75 per cent. 162. 


2 = — 3 * To w» of 
A ©4 # CA, 3 [ 
RT 4 1 RAS 0 
2 * J a” I 4 « 
FA * 1 
1 + 
ES 4 i e 
Sz 
a =- 
* = 
OY 
4 . = * E 


bald — * 


201. x 


— iinprovements/jn the manufaRtures of, 206. ods: — 9 1 
Shipping, in 1702, 190,533 tons, and 17,432 ſailore, v7, 
— cocpariſon of the exports of 1 7. 8; en e [= 
7, 8, 99. 202, e 
— ſtate of, at various periods, from 125 to 7757, 10% W 


Ba 44 bes 


6&1 FE 5,0 75 , 


—— from 1749 to 1762, 292 n en 1 
** dn ' ', IS 
—— to 1766, 116. „ 8 
a ee \ Or re - vs CY 
—— uſeful W of, 132. | s ep 


—— 2 compariſon of the ſhips cleared otwards 3 in 1 1766, bo 1 * 
5. 6, with 1775, 3, 4 13 > By = 
— ſtate of the ſhips cleared outward from 1773 to ie zee, 5 Ds >= 


i41,. 7 „ 
| cleared ounvard in 07 „ 
60, 1, 2, with 1778; 9, 90. 1, 2, 142. 11 N „ 
— ſhips cleared outwards at | 
1782, 145. NINA NES 
—— of K. William's reign, compared with taster the pre- =" 
| ſent reign, 186. —_ 
2 ſtate of that of Scotland beſors the Union, be- 1 
1 201. 28 e aN | _ 
| of the tips: cleared: outward and entered by 
and 179905 18, 37 31. 25 855 pe as dee Pant "OY 
22 Ria Fig 


Sinking Fund, fri eſtabliſhed in SWF 7 88. be 07 nc om RT 
—— ſurplus of taxes in 1738, C. e gal 16. 
— ſtate of, from 1764 to 1776, 136. 4/16 eee, 
— the advantages of, 159. En ie eh rpc 2h,” "i 
——— former ones eſtabliſhed by finking of intereſt, 160. | 
— the neceſſity of its 3 ſacred by future nünif. ” 
ters, 161. . Se 2 


—— of one million, * in be year diſcharge 3173 


— 
— 


EA 


—— of more im rrance tha the acquiſtion of th Ee. 
rican mines, 162. 
ER advantages of, by excrealing the circulation of — 


* * 
= 
* 


21. — 
* % + We * 2 
N ls rr RY. 81 For: 2 


RR 5 LY / TYY.. : 
bd 2 „ +, 5; N 9 
1 A ; : - : 
* . 8 — * 
8 of he 
q * * Are; # 4 % 7 * 1 * 
13 5 - 4 - * - * * = 
8 | | N GAS 4 | * enn 
* . | . » * A „ 


. N ; : | | 


JL 
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* 
© 


3 b of Nations, various cauſes, of f, 52. { „ 


* N . N * , | ' 7 T's mM _ 32 4. 6 

N 3Y * ** 
a” 
” 


* 2 7 wn * > 64.3 4 ; = r 
; EG . e 0 209368 517 . ⁰ 3 es 


eſtabliſhed in the great 


- 


* 
* 


„ a 


n 3 eee 


4 : 19 *. 


. GO, | „„ 8" 3 e #446 AN EFT FH SE ' 
4 | one Abet in the thaie af Müw. MI. | 
En when each perſon living idly fer three 3 be marked 

„ bei U apap 
5 r up, £304 E K e ini 


Ke * 5 : r 
. chaBlaw ſoon repealed, 29. Ein 
A 5 - : CC . 
8 7 Wr 
| 20 a 5 0 tf Eng] 4 E . l 11 pu" 15 64 4 = 2 5 
1 3 few at the accaſen An VII, 21 N 
_ rhe domes, advanta i dexived 1 | 
218% 9 * Vries oo WR * 
* 3 41 U E A p 
+33: wh 8 Be 1 35 7221 x * WT 24 24/7; ann 2 4 3 N 
8 1.2 ES; — * : 7. 
13 n : : 1 1 8 1 * 22 2 ) 
* N . " Hit N. 4265 26 "3H If * * 4 1 # Be #73 fn © bs N n 
1 ö * N A ' oo * N 2 i 
_ , Walpole, Sir Robert, anecdote of him, - , NL Is 
= ofioes; . bbjlute a country, 125. 
oa a, WY»: » * 
1 "i few uſeful 3 taken he * ee 
- 


34 


1 edle of the Conqueſt on population, 
INI.” King, tis annual income, £4.48 5.360, 7 
on, from 1710 to the 


. Jar tn 
- : 


| | in 1485, had bred 3 in every PO: in end 12. | "Ke 5 | HI 
7 — of Yorkſhire, at this time greater than the whole woollen mn 


manufacture of England at the Revolution, WM 3 9 3 


— FP o 4 * WW 1 187 * 1 
Bey 7 7 F 
. a % 


a 1 | . b NN . Y 1 Fl * 


I ; P A mi * 
a : «2. . + 
R 


+ o 


P : , * * 4 > * 7 
r * 74 * 


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2 
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1 - 45 0 


15 bee 570810 234, Ib * 45 e 
5 211 16. wo . 

e e ohne id os e 

* SA 3 e PAP 01 Ktn 7 720 r oιννeν, Son SILLY Ol 


*% 

k * 'S WAA 4 
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